Effect of Ce Addition on Creep Properties of X20Co Martensitic Heat-resistant Steel

doi:10.11901/1005.3093.2023.499

Chinese Journal of Materials Research

2024, Vol. 38

Issue (10): 721-731 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2023.499

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Effect of Ce Addition on Creep Properties of X20Co Martensitic Heat-resistant Steel

XIANG Yulin¹^,², YANG Renxian³^,⁴, CAI Xin³, HU Xiaoqiang³^,⁴(

), LI Dianzhong³^,⁴(

)

^1.School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Ganzhou 341000, China
^2.Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
^3.Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
^4.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China

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XIANG Yulin, YANG Renxian, CAI Xin, HU Xiaoqiang, LI Dianzhong. Effect of Ce Addition on Creep Properties of X20Co Martensitic Heat-resistant Steel. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2024, 38(10): 721-731.

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Abstract

The X20Co martensitic heat-resistant steel (X20Co) has notable characteristics such as elevated high-temperature strength, as well as commendable resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The X20Co has been extensively employed as high-temperature working components of die-casting machines for Mg-alloys. Nevertheless, the prolonged exposure of die-casting machine components to high-temperature magnesium alloy liquid might result in deformation and fracture failure due to the occurrence of high-temperature creep. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance the high-temperature creep resistance of X20Co and prolong the operational lifespan of hot-work components in die-casting machinery. Rare earth (RE) elements, including Ce, are seen as potential means to improve the creep properties of X20Co. However, the effect of Ce on the microstructure and creep performance of X20Co have not been reported yet. In this study, the impact of Ce on the creep properties and microstructural characteristics of X20Co by applied stress within 100~200 MPa at 680~720^oC is investigated by means of electronic creep testing machine, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (STEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The findings indicate that the incorporation of Ce can enhance the creep resistance of X20Co. Moreover, as a subsequence of the increase of Ce concentration, there is a remarkable and substantial improvement in the creep life of X20Co. As an illustration, by the testing condition of 700^oC/150 MPa, the X20Co steel with 0.005% and 0.012%Ce (mass fraction) presents enhanced creep rupture time c.a. 33% and 103% respectively superior to that of the plain X20Co. The creep stress exponent, activation energy, and threshold stress of the plain X20Co are determined to be 5.05, 572.3 kJ/mol and 58.3 MPa, respectively. Correspondingly, those of the X20Co with 0.005% (mass fraction) Ce are 4.76, 595.0 kJ/mol and 87.8 MPa, respectively. Whereas, those of the X20Co with 0.012% (mass fraction) Ce are 4.49, 642.1 kJ/mol and 82.5 MPa, respectively. It is indicated that the creep processes of the three X20Co steels all follow the mechanism of dislocation climbing. It is a fact that the addition of Ce has not changed the creep mechanism but clearly raised the creep activation energy and threshold stress for X20Co steels. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution analysis compared before creep and after fracture reveals three distinct precipitates appear in X20Co. These precipitates are the large W-rich M₆C phases and Cr-rich M₂₃C₆ phases on grain boundaries, as well as fine V-rich MC phases within grains. It is suggested that Ce reduces the number of large-size massive M₆C phases, which significantly improves the creep properties of X20Co.

Key words: metallic materials X20Co martensitic heat-resistant steel rare earth precipitates creep properties microstructure

Received: 11 October 2023

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

Fund: Supporting Project for the Science and Technology Service from Chinese Academy of Sciences in Fujian Province(2020T3009);Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y2021060);K. C. Wong Education Foundation(2021001);Science and Technology Innovation Program for Young and Middle-aged Talents in Shenyang(RC220474)

Corresponding Authors: HU Xiaoqiang, Tel: (024)23971127, E-mail: xqhu@imr.ac.cn;
LI Dianzhong, Tel: (024)23971281, E-mail: dzli@imr.ac.cn

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2023.499 OR https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2024/V38/I10/721

Table 1 Chemical composition of the experimental X20Co heat-resistant steels (mass fraction, %)

Fig.1 Diagram of standard creep specimen (mm)

Fig.2 Creep strain versus creep time curves (a~c) and the creep rate versus creep time curves (d~f) of three X20Co steels under the stress of 100 MPa (a, d), 150 MPa (b, e) and 200 MPa (c, f) at 700^oC

Table 2 Rupture time, minimum creep rate, and start time of the creep acceleration phase for three studied X20Co steels crept at a temperature range of 680~720^oC and under a stress range of 100~200 MPa

Fig.3 Creep strain versus creep time curves (a, b) and the creep rate versus creep time curves (c, d) of three studied X20Co steels crept at 680^oC (a, c) and 720^oC (b, d) under the stress of 200 MPa

Fig.4 SEM micrographs of 0Ce (a) and 12Ce (b) steel before creep

Fig.5 STEM images of precipitates in 12Ce steel before creep (a), the corresponding elemental overlaid map of V, Cr, W (b) and SAED diagram (c~e)

Table 3 Chemical composition of precipitates in 12Ce steel before creep (atomic fraction, %)

Fig.6 STEM images of precipitates in 0Ce steel before creep (a) with corresponding elemental mapping of V, Cr, W (b)

Fig.7 SEM micrographs of 0Ce (a) and 12Ce (b) steel after crept under 100 MPa at 700^oC

Fig.8 STEM micrographs of precipitates in 0Ce (a) and 12Ce steel (b) after crept under 100 MPa at 700^oC corresponding with elemental mapping of Cr (c, g), W (d, h), V (e, i), Mo (f) and Ce (j)

Fig.9 SEM fractography images of 0Ce steel (a, b) and 12Ce steel (c, d) after crept at 700^oC under 100 MPa

Fig.10 Logarithmic curves of the minimum creep rate versus creep stress (δ) at 700^oC (a) and the minimum creep rate ( $ε ˙ m$ ) versus the reciprocal of temperature (1/T) under 100 MPa (b) of 0Ce, 5Ce and 12Ce steel

Fig.11 Variation of minimum creep rate of the one-third power versus creep stress at 700^oC of 0Ce, 5Ce and 12Ce steel

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