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Chinese Journal of Materials Research  2017, Vol. 31 Issue (2): 110-116    DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2016.182
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Durability and Pore Structure of Nano-particle-modified Geopolymers of Waste Brick Powder-class C Fly Ash
Xiaolu GUO1,2(),Huisheng SHI1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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Xiaolu GUO,Huisheng SHI. Durability and Pore Structure of Nano-particle-modified Geopolymers of Waste Brick Powder-class C Fly Ash. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2017, 31(2): 110-116.

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Abstract  

Nano particle modified composite geopolymers were prepared with waste brick powder (WBP) and class C fly ash (CFA) as raw material, and nano-particales SiO2 and Al2O3 as modifier. Then their anti-permeability and anti-freezing-thawing as well as their pore structure were investigated. Results show that nano-SiO2 is superior to nano-Al2O3 for enhancing the performance of geopolymers, and the combination of 2%(mass fraction) nano-SiO2 and 1% nano-Al2O3 exhibits the best modification effect, so that the geopolymer possesses the highest anti-permeability and anti-freezing-thawing. It is found for the geopolymers after being freezing-thawing tested that the apparent porosity, true porosity, average pore size, the size of the most probable pores and the total porosity all enhanced, however the volume density decreased. Besides, the harmless and less-harmful holes with size smaller than 50 nm decreased, and in the contrast,the harmful and more-harmful holes increased.
Key words:  inorganic non-metallic materials      waste brick powder      fly ash      geopolymer      nano-modification      resistance to permeability      resistance to freezing-thawing      pore structure     
Received:  07 April 2016     
Fund: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51478328), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.0500219225)
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Xiaolu GUO
Huisheng SHI

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2016.182     OR     https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2017/V31/I2/110

Fig.1  XRD pattern of raw materials (a) class C fly ash (CFA); (b) waste brick powder (WBP)
Content Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO Fe2O3 Others
Class C fly ash (CFA) 1.28 1.85 22.00 50.30 3.42 11.30 7.10 2.74
Waste brick powder (WBP) 1.34 3.36 10.3 42.8 2.11 26.3 6.91 6.88
Table 1  Chemical composition of raw materials (%, mass fraction)
Type Particle size
/nm		 Specific surface area
/m2g-1		 Density
/gcm-3		 Hydrophily
/ Hydrophobicity		 Color
SiO2 30±5 400 0.4 Hydrophily White
Al2O3(α) 30±5 100 1.7 Hydrophily White
Table 2  Basic physical properties of nano- SiO2 and nano-Al2O
Samples CFA
/g		 WBP
/g		 Sand
/g		 Composite activator
/g		 Water
/g		 Nano-particle
Nano-SiO2
/g		 Nano-Al2O3
/g
SCFA 600.00 - 1620.00 323.45 71.09 - -
SWBP 420.00 180.00 1620.00 323.45 71.09 - -
SW 0-3 420.00 180.00 1620.00 323.45 71.09 - 18.00
SW 1-2 420.00 180.00 1620.00 323.45 71.09 6.00 12.00
SW 2-1 420.00 180.00 1620.00 323.45 71.09 12.00 6.00
SW 3-0 420.00 180.00 1620.00 323.45 71.09 18.00 -
Table 3  Mix ratio of nano-modified solid waste-based composite geopolymeric mortar
Samples Fluidity / mm Strength / MPa
3 d 28 d
Flexural Compressive Flexural Compressive
SCFA 198 3.1 13.8 5.0 40.5
SWBP 195 3.2 15.9 5.3 42.5
SW 0-3 166 3.6 18.7 6.4 48.8
SW 1-2 185 3.8 18.2 6.7 50.9
SW 2-1 193 4.2 20.5 7.5 53.7
SW 3-0 157 3.8 20.1 7.1 51.5
Table 4  Fluidity and strength of geopolymer
Samples 7d impermeability pressure /MPa 28d penetration height/mm 28d water absorption ratio /%
SCFA 1.5 13.1 7.5
SWBP 1.7 11.8 6.1
SW 0-3 1.9 10.3 5.8
SW 1-2 2.0 10.5 5.4
SW 2-1 2.1 9.8 5.1
SW 3-0 2.0 10.7 5.5
Table 5  Impermeability and water absorption ratio of geopolymer
Fig.2  Mass loss ratio of geopolyer after freezing-thawing cycles
Fig.3  Loss ratio of geopolyer strength after freezing-thawing cycles (a) Loss ratio of compressive strength; (b) Loss ratio of flexural strength
Samples Bulk density /gcm-3 Apparent porosity /% Ture porosity /%
Before freezing- thawing After freezing-thawing Before freezing- thawing After freezing-thawing Before freezing- thawing After freezing-thawing
SCFA 1.63 1.51 27.66 36.09 41.45 47.16
SWBP 1.69 1.57 25.49 32.89 38.64 43.94
SW 0-3 1.71 1.60 22.85 30.19 37.06 41.80
SW 1-2 1.73 1.62 22.53 29.32 35.30 40.47
SW 2-1 1.78 1.71 20.39 26.27 33.21 37.16
SW 3-0 1.75 1.66 21.51 28.79 34.12 39.74
Table 6  Bulk density, apparent porosity, and ture porosity of samples before and after 80 freezing-thawing cycles
Samples Porosity/% Mean pore size /nm The most probable aperture/nm Distribution of pore size /%
<20 nm 20~50 nm 50~200 nm >200 nm
SWBP 25.2 101.1 90.9 10.4 25.7 38.6 25.3
DWBP 31.3 135.4 107.1 3.9 16.5 39.5 40.1
Table 7  Pore structure parameter of geopolymer before and after freezing-thawing cycles
Fig.4  Effects of freezing-thawing cycles on pore diameter distribution of geopolymer (a) integral curve of pore diameter distribution; (b) differential curve of pore diameter distribution
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