Composition Design of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels Based on Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom Model

doi:10.11901/1005.3093.2021.113

Chinese Journal of Materials Research

2022, Vol. 36

Issue (5): 353-364 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2021.113

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Composition Design of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels Based on Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom Model

ZHANG Shuqi¹, DONG Dandan²(

), WAN Peng³, WANG Qing¹, DONG Chuang¹(

), YANG Rui⁴

^1.Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
^2.College of Physical Science and Technology, Dalian University, 116622, China
^3.Foshan Shunde Midea Electrical Heating Appliances Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Foshan 528300, China
^4.Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

ZHANG Shuqi, DONG Dandan, WAN Peng, WANG Qing, DONG Chuang, YANG Rui. Composition Design of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels Based on Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom Model. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2022, 36(5): 353-364.

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Abstract

Alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel has good high-temperature-oxidation resistance owing to the addition of Al. However, Al may strongly promote the formation of ferrite, which can seriously decrease the creep resistance of the steel. In order to form single-phase austenite, the amount of austenitic stable elements Ni and Al should be accurately tailored. Therefore, the alumina-forming 190 heat resistant stainless steels were analyzed with the so called cluster-plus-glue-atom model, which was previously developed by our group. In the present case, a 16-atom-cluster formula, including 1 center atom, 12 shell atoms and 3 glue atoms, simplified as [Al₁-Fe₁₂]-Cr₃, is adopted,while the composition proposed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the equivalent complementation of Ni and Cr are taken into consideration. Thereby, two series of AFA stainless steels with a constant carbon content of 0.1% (mass fraction) are designed as: Al _x Si_0.05Nb_0.15-Fe_8.7Ni_3.0Mn_0.3-Cr_3.6-_x Mo_0.2(x=0.8, 1.0 and 1.1) and Al₁Si_0.05Nb_0.15-Fe_11.7-_y Ni _y Mn_0.3-Cr_2.6Mo_0.2 (y=3.2, 3.4, 3.7 and 4.0), namely, fixed Ni, but varying Al (instead of Cr) content for the former series, and fixed Al, but varying Ni (instead of Fe) content for the later ones, respectively. The effect of solution treatment (1250℃/1.5 h) plus water quenching and the above treatment plus aging treatment (800℃/24 h) on the two series alloys was carefully characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and Vickers hardness tester. Results show that for the alloys with fixed Ni content of 3.0 designed according to the 16-atom-cluster formula, the matrix is single-phase austenite when Al is 0.8; while ferrite is formed when Al is 1.0 and 1.1. For the alloys with fixed Al of 1.0, the matrix remains single-phase austenite when Ni ranges from 3.2 to 4.0. However, Ni_3.2 is enough to avoid the formation of ferrite, while also conforming to economic principle. The ideal cluster formula of AFA stainless steels is identified as [(Al,Si,Nb)₁-(Fe,Ni,Mn)₁₂](Cr,Mo,W)₃, which describes the average distribution of atoms in alloys.

Key words: metallic materials AFA stainless steels cluster-plus-glue-atom model heat resistant austenitic stainless steel alloying structural stability

Received: 24 January 2021

ZTFLH:

TG142.25

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801017);Key Discipline and Major Project of Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Foundation(2020JJ25CY004);Shunde District Science and Technology Project(201911220001)

About author: DONG Chuang, Tel: (0411)84708615, E-mail: dong@dlut.edu.cn
DONG Dandan, Tel: (0411)87402712, E-mail: dandan3006@126.com;

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	Rui YANG

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2021.113 OR https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2022/V36/I5/353

Table 1 Mixing enthalpy between center atoms, glue atoms and shell atoms

Table 2 The cluster formula, mark, element content, Vickers hardness, calculated strength (calculated by the conversion equations between Vickers hardness and tensile strength^[30]) and equivalents (calculated by Uggowitzer's equivalent equations^[24]) of designed alloys

Fig.1 Composition design procedure of AFA stainless steels based on cluster-plus-glue-atom model

Fig.2 XRD patterns of designed alloys after 1250℃/1.5 h solutionizing (a) and 800℃/24 h aging (b)

Fig.3 Relation between lattice parameter a and Ni_eq/Cr_eq ratio

Fig.4 Typical optical microscope (OM) images of designed alloys after 1250℃/1.5 h solutionizing and after 800℃/24 h aging (a, b) Al_0.8Ni_3.0, (c, d) Al_1.0Ni_3.0, (e, f) Al_1.1Ni_3.0, (g, h) Al_1.0Ni_3.2

Fig.5 Second electron morphologies of the designed alloys after solutionizing at 1250℃ for 1.5 h and then aging 800℃ for 24 h (a) Al_0.8Ni_3.0, (b) Al_1.0Ni_3.0, (c) Al_1.1Ni_3.0, (d) Al_1.0Ni_3.2, (e) Al_1.0Ni_3.4, (f) Al_1.0Ni_3.7, (g) Al_1.0Ni_4.0

Fig.6 Typical backscattered electron images of the designed alloys

Fig.7 Distribution of designed alloys and 190 AFA stainless steels in literature^[10~21] on Schaeffler constitution diagram^[31] (Ni_eq and Cr_eq were calculated by Uggowitzer’s equivalent equations^[24]: Ni_eq=%Ni+%Co+0.1%Mn-0.01%Mn²+18%N+30%C; Cr_eq=%Cr+1.5%Mo+1.5%W+0.48%Si+2.3%V+1.75%Nb+2.5%Al)

Fig.8 Variations of microhardness HV with relative austenitic stability Ni_eq/Cr_eq

Fig.9 Calculated strength of designed alloys according to Vickers hardness, note: YS-yield strength, UTS-ultimate strength, shadow ragions show corresponding tensile strength of 20Ni-(3~4)Al-(0.6~1)Nb based AFA stainless steels tested by ORNL^[16]

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