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Chinese Journal of Materials Research  2020, Vol. 34 Issue (1): 1-15    DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2019.371
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Current Status and Development Trend on Weldability of Ultra-high Strength Hull Structure Steel
LEI Xuanwei1,2,ZHOU Shuanbao2,HUANG Jihua2()
1. Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Cite this article: 

LEI Xuanwei,ZHOU Shuanbao,HUANG Jihua. Current Status and Development Trend on Weldability of Ultra-high Strength Hull Structure Steel. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2020, 34(1): 1-15.

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Abstract  

Through studies and discussions on mechanical properties of ultra-high strength hull structural (UHSHS) steels and their weld joints, the problem concerning weldability of UHSHS steels was concluded as poor low temperature toughness in coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) under large heat input welding procedure. The root causes of this problem were analyzed on two aspects: the formations of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents and granular bainite. Current three approaches of oxide metallurgy technology application, Cu precipitation introduction and high Ni content design to improve the weldability of UHSHS steels were summarized. Under comprehensive analyses on the current status of UHSHS steels, it is considered that the design of ultra-low C and high Ni content can further improve the weldability of ultra-high strength hull structural steels.
Key words:  review      metalic materials      weldability      ultra-high strength hull structure steel      large heat input welding     
Received:  26 July 2019     
ZTFLH:  TG142.4  
Fund: National Basic Research Program of China(613280);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904125)
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Xuanwei LEI
Shuanbao ZHOU
Jihua HUANG

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2019.371     OR     https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2020/V34/I1/1

Strength

grade

Yield strength

/MPa

Tensile strength

/MPa

Impact toughness

AKV/J

420≥420530~680

≥42

≥46

460≥460570~720
500≥500610~770≥50
550≥550670~830≥55
620≥620720~890≥62
690≥690770~940≥69
Table 1  Required mechanical properties of UHSHS steel and its weld joint
SteelsGrade/MPaCSiMnAlNbVTiMoCrNiCu
F460[7]4600.0620.231.470.0400.0940.60
F500[8,9]5000.050.241.480.030.0110.260.28
0.060.361.570.040.0060.0380.020.200.220.530.24
F550[10,11]5500.070.261.100.0330.0360.0170.400.350.39
0.0670.171.510.0360.0260.0040.0120.300.310.700.71
E690[11]6900.080.151.580.0250.0950.0150.300.300.701.00
F690[12]6900.070.231.060.0360.0430.0040.0191.0~1.13.0~3.1
Table 2  Chemical composition of domestic civil UHSHS steels (mass fraction, %)
No.

Grade

/MPa

CSiMnNiMoCrVTi
945[13,14]4400.140.601.001.000.10.500.05
0.120.541.051.150.110.520.04
921[15]5900.110.270.482.720.231.020.060.026
0.10.20.412.660.251.030.060.016
921A[16,17]5900.070.290.432.650.260.06
0.10.240.462.780.241.110.07
980[18,19]785≤0.130.2~0.40.3~0.64.8~5.30.2~0.35
0.09~0.130.2~0.30.5~0.64.4~4.50.36~0.440.5~0.7
Table 3  chemical composition of domestic navy steels (mass fraction, %)
No.Grade/MPCSiMnNiMoCuCrAlV
HY80[20,21]5500.160.260.232.930.340.0111.430.030.005
0.120.200.292.420.410.081.490.01
HY85[22]5900.080.250.52.10.30.50.540.03
HY100[23,24]6900.170.220.32.350.250.131.32
0.160.210.262.660.410.151.470.02
HY130[25]8900.120.200.704.800.450.50
Table 4  Chemical composition of HY series navy steels (mass fraction, %)
No.Grade/MPCSiMnNiMoCuCrAlNbV
HSLA80[26,27]5500.0440.320.650.871.120.770.0130.077
0.050.341.001.770.5101.230.610.0250.0370.01
HSLA100[28,29]6900.060.250.843.470.581.540.740.0230.030.004
0.050.350.823.410.601.610.550.03
HSLA115[30]7850.050.220.973.370.561.290.640.020.020.01
HSLA130[31]8900.070.370.793.330.581.720.570.0230.005
Table 5  Chemical composition of HSLA series navy steels (mass fraction, %)
SteelsYield strength/MPaTensile strength/MPaCharpy absorbed energy/J
F460[35] (460 MPa grade)495 (≥460)599 (570~720)AKV–60℃ 335 (≥46)
F500[36] (500 MPa grade)580 (≥500)655 (610~770)AKV–60℃ 194 (≥50)
F550[11] (550 MPa grade)610 (≥550)660 (670~830)AKV–60℃ 212 (≥55)
E690[37] (690 MPa grade)730 (≥690)820 (770~940)AKV–40℃ 210 (≥69)
F690[38] (690 MPa grade)766 (≥690)804 (770~940)AKV–60℃ 230 (≥69)
921A[39] (590 MPa grade)630 (≥590)710 (685~845)AKV–60℃ 180 (≥59)
980[40] (785 MPa grade)939 (≥785)1002AKV–20℃ 149 (≥78.5)
HY80[25] (550 MPa grade)760 (≥550)813 (670~830)AKV–45℃ 250 (≥55)
HY85[41] (590 MPa grade)959 (685~845)AKV–50℃ 226 (≥59)
HY100[25] (690 MPa grade)689 (≥690)814 (770~940)
HY130[25] (890 MPa grade)896 (≥890)986
HSLA100[42] (690 MPa grade)833 (≥690)938 (770~940)AKV–50℃ 179 (≥69)
HSLA115[30] (785 MPa grade)972 (≥785)997AKV–84℃ 100 (≥78.5)
HSLA130[31] (890 MPa grade)896 (≥890)986
Table 6  Mechanical properties of several UHSHS steels (correspondence in CCS standard)
Fig.1  Total alloy content variation trend curve of domestic civil UHSHS steels
Fig.2  Ceq variation trend of domestic civil UHSHS steels Ceq=w(C)+w(Mn)/6+w(Cr+Mo+V)/5+w(Ni+Cu)/15
Steels

Heat input

/kJ·cm–1

Welding method

Tensile strength

/MPa

Fault location

CCS standard

/MPa

F460[45]364Electrogas arc welding584, 586Base metal≥570
F500[36]53Submerged arc welding580Base metal≥610
F550[11]50Submerged arc welding620~664Base metal≥670
E690[11]50Submerged arc welding796~822Base metal≥770
F690[38]35Submerged arc welding798, 809Base metal≥770
Table 7  Strengths of weld joints of UHSHS steels under large heat input
Steels

Heat input

/kJ·cm–1

Method

AGS of CGHAZ

/μm

fGB in CGHAZfM-A in CGHAZCVN/J
F460[35]50Thermal simulation~60~0.75–0.85AKV–60℃ 74
E550[46]~65Thermal simulation~45~0.80–0.90AKV–40℃ 16
F550[11]50Submerged arc welding~60~0.65–0.75~0.15–0.2055≤AKV–60℃ ≤67
E690[47]50Submerged arc welding~40~0.20–0.35~0.10–0.1540≤AKV–40℃≤47
F690[38,48]~35Thermal simulation~60AKV–60℃ 26
HY85[41]50Thermal simulation~82~0.40–0.50~0.05–0.10AKV–50℃ 27
HSLA80[49]40Submerged arc welding~0.10

AKV–50℃ 62

AKV–50℃ 44

HSLA115[50]33.5Submerged arc weldingAKV–51℃ ≤111
Table 8  Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact value in CGHAZs of UHSHS steels under large heat input
Steels

Heat input

/kJ·cm-1

Welding methodTensile strength/MPaFault location

CCS standard

/MPa

E690[11]15Submerged arc welding808,818Base metal≥770
E/F690[51]21.4Submerged arc welding825Base metal≥770
921A[52]20Arc welding702Base metal≥685
980[19]11Metal active gas welding930Base metal
HY80[53]21.7Submerged arc weldingYield strength 658Base metal≥550
HSLA100[54]25.6Gas metal arc welding869Base metal≥770
Table 9  Strengths of weld joints of UHSHS steels under conventional heat input
Steels

Heat input

/kJ·cm-1

MethodAGS of CGHAZ/μmfGB in CGHAZfM-A in CGHAZCVN/J
F460[35]30Thermal simulation~35~0.10–0.20AKV–60℃ 321
E550[46]~20Thermal simulation~35~0.30–0.40AKV–40℃ 128
F550[43]15Submerged arc welding107≤AKV–50℃ ≤252
E/F690[51]21.4Submerged arc welding~60–70~0.05–0.15~0.0585≤AKV–50℃ ≤115
HY85[41]15Thermal simulation~70~0.10–0.20~0.05–0.10AKV–50℃ 81
HSLA80[49]20Submerged arc welding

AKV–50℃ 107

AKV–50℃ 198

HSLA100[42]20Shield metal arc welding~75AKV–50℃ ~130
Table 10  CVN impact value in CGHAZs of UHSHS steels under conventional heat input
Steels

Heat input

/kJ·cm–1

Welding methodAGS of CGHAZ/μmfGB in CGHAZfM-A in CGHAZCVN/J
E690[47]50Submerged arc welding~25~0.10–0.20~0.05–0.1086≤AKV–40℃ ≤117
Table 11  CVN impact value of CGHAZs of UHSHS steels under large heat input with fast cooling process
Fig.3  CVN impact values in HAZ of UHSHS E690 steels under large heat input with fast cooling process
Fig.4  Impact toughness in CGHAZs of UHSHS steels (test temperature for F460 and F550 is -60℃, for HY85 is -50℃ and for E690 is -40℃) (a) with relatively large volume fractions of M-A and/or GB, (b) with relatively small volume fractions of M-A and/or GB
Fig.5  Schematic illustration of the effect of alloy content on (a) free energy and (b) phase transformation
Fig.6  Schematic illustration of the effect of cooling rate on (a) free energy and (b) phase transformation
AGS of CGHAZ/μmMicrostructure type
≥50~60A portion of AF or main LLB
≤40~50Main LLB
Table 12  Desired microstructure type in CGHAZ of UHSHS steels
Fig.7  Carbon gradients by granular bainite and upper bainite formations
Fig.8  Graville’s diagram showing weldability of steels for warships as a function of carbon content and carbon equivalent
Fig.9  Ni and Cu contents in various grades of ultra-high strength hull structural steels (a) domestic civil steels, (b) 9 series war ship steels, (c) HY series steels, (d) HSLA series steels
Fig.10  Phase evolution in CGHAZ of the newly developed 785 MPa UHSHS steel[83] (a) SH-CCT diagram, (b) corresponding phase fraction diagram
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