Scratch Behavior of Materials under Progressive Load by Conical Indenter

doi:10.11901/1005.3093.2021.219

Chinese Journal of Materials Research

2022, Vol. 36

Issue (3): 191-205 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2021.219

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Scratch Behavior of Materials under Progressive Load by Conical Indenter

LIU Ming(

), WU Jianan

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China

Cite this article:

LIU Ming, WU Jianan. Scratch Behavior of Materials under Progressive Load by Conical Indenter. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2022, 36(3): 191-205.

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Abstract

The scratch characteristics in micron scale on 16 kinds of materials (2 kinds of glasses, 2 kinds of polymers, 4 kinds of ceramics, 4 kinds of metals and 4 kinds of metallic glasses) were assessed by means of Rockwell C diamond indentation with progressive load. The results show that these materials all have the maximum scratch retention rate (the ratio of residual indentation depth to indentation depth) related to elastic recovery, which can be used as the transition point of the apparent friction coefficient curve. The apparent friction coefficient of scratches is composed of adhesive friction coefficient and furrow friction coefficient. The three-dimensional mechanical contact model can be used to accurately characterize the friction coefficient except for metallic glass. The initial friction coefficient of the material is related to the Poisson's ratio. Polymeric materials (PC and PMMA) have special double scratch grooves due to stacking and sinking effects. The ratio of the hardness of scratched materials to the indentation hardness for 16 kinds of materials is 0.33~2.5, and there is a linear relationship between the scratch hardness and the volume modulus. The linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model and microscopic energy size effect (MESEL) model were used to calculate the fracture toughness of the material. The results show that: LEFM model, Akono's MESEL model and Hubler's MESEL model can accurately characterize the fracture toughness of materials with low fracture toughness (glasses, ceramics and polymers), while the deviation of calculation results for metal materials with high fracture toughness is large. Liu's MESEL model can be used to characterize the fracture toughness of materials with large fracture toughness (metallic materials and some metallic glasses). The fracture toughness of the material has a piecewise linear correlation with Poisson's ratio.

Key words: measuring and analysis for materials micro-scratch Rockwell C indenter progressive load elastic-plastic deformation fracture toughness

Received: 06 April 2021

ZTFLH:

TB302.5

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705082);Scientific Research Project of Science and Education Park Development Center of Fuzhou University, Jinjiang City(2019-JJFDKY-11)

About author: LIU Ming, Tel:15606066237, E-mail: mingliu@fzu.edu.cn

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2021.219 OR https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2022/V36/I3/191

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of scratch test (a) main view of scratch test; (b) side view of scratch test; (c) geometry of indenter; (d) schematic diagram of pile-up and sinking-in in scratch groove

Table 1 Scratch test parameters of specimens (scratch length l, maximum scratch load F_max, scratch speed v, indentation load P)

Table 2 The friction coefficient and elastic-plastic properties of the materials

Fig.2 Variation of penetration depth d, residual depth d_r and scratch retention r=d_r/d with applied load F_n

Fig.3 Relationship between the maximum scratch retention ratio r_max and the ratio of bulk modulus to indentation hardnes (K/H_i)

Fig.4 Variation of tangential force F_tand apparent friction coefficient μ_appwith applied load F_n

Fig.5 Relationship between Poisson's ratio v and initial friction coefficient μ₀

Fig.6 Relationship between brittleness index H_i/K_cand Poisson's ratio v

Table 3 Fracture toughness calculated by different formulas (MPa·m^1/2)

Fig.7 Optical image of scratch groove

Fig.8 Variation of theoretical calculated width w_t, actual measured width w_iand width retention w_i/w_t with penetration depth d

Fig.9 Variation of inner scratch width w_p and outer scratch width w_i of polymer with applied load F_n

Fig.10 Relationship between scratch hardness H_s and applied load F_n

Fig.11 Relationship between scratch hardness H_sand indentation hardness H_i

Fig.12 Relationship between scratch hardness H_s and bulk modulus K

Fig.13 Fracture toughness analysis based on LEFM Eq. (7)

Fig.14 Fracture toughness analysis based on Akono's MESEL model Eq. (10)

Fig.15 Fracture toughness analysis based on Hubler's MESEL model Eq. (12)

Fig.16 Fracture toughness analysis based on Liu's MESEL model Eq. (13)

Fig.17 Relationship between fracture toughness K_cand Poisson's ratio v

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