基于团簇式的<strong>316</strong>不锈钢成分优化及其实验验证

doi:10.11901/1005.3093.2024.182

材料研究学报

2025, Vol. 39

Issue (3): 207-216 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2024.182

研究论文

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基于团簇式的316不锈钢成分优化及其实验验证

冉子祚¹, 张爽¹(

), 苏兆翼¹, 王阳¹, 邹存磊¹, 赵亚军¹, 王增睿², 姜薇薇¹, 董晨希¹, 董闯¹

^1.大连交通大学材料科学与工程学院大连 116028
^2.沈阳铸造研究所有限公司沈阳 110021

Cluster-formula-based Composition Optimization of 316 Stainless Steel and Its Experimental Verification

RAN Zizuo¹, ZHANG Shuang¹(

), SU Zhaoyi¹, WANG Yang¹, ZOU Cunlei¹, ZHAO Yajun¹, WANG Zengrui², JIANG Weiwei¹, DONG Chenxi¹, DONG Chuang¹

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
^2.Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China

引用本文:

冉子祚, 张爽, 苏兆翼, 王阳, 邹存磊, 赵亚军, 王增睿, 姜薇薇, 董晨希, 董闯. 基于团簇式的316不锈钢成分优化及其实验验证[J]. 材料研究学报, 2025, 39(3): 207-216.
Zizuo RAN, Shuang ZHANG, Zhaoyi SU, Yang WANG, Cunlei ZOU, Yajun ZHAO, Zengrui WANG, Weiwei JIANG, Chenxi DONG, Chuang DONG. Cluster-formula-based Composition Optimization of 316 Stainless Steel and Its Experimental Verification[J]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2025, 39(3): 207-216.

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摘要:

316不锈钢因其优异的耐蚀和加工性能而得到广泛应用，但其宽泛的成分范围会导致性能波动。本文首先将置换型固溶合金化元素归类为稳定铁素体的类Cr元素(Cr, Si, Mo)和稳定奥氏体的类Ni元素(Ni, Mn)。进而引入“团簇加连接原子”模型，给出该不锈钢的16原子成分单元，由此将现有国标成分区间解析成五个16原子成分式，分别对应于两类元素的上下限(Cr, Si, Mo)_{3.0625, 3.5}-(Ni, Mn)_{1.75, 2.25}-Fe_bal和中值(Cr, Si, Mo)_3.25-(Ni, Mn)₂-Fe_bal。采用氩气保护电弧炉熔炼，用真空箱式炉实施均匀化处理(1150 ℃/2 h，炉冷)，冷轧至5 mm薄片(变形量约50%)，再实施固溶处理(1050 ℃/0.5 h，水淬)。类Ni元素含量最低的Ni_1.75合金组织中出现铁素体相，对应的质量百分比成分区间为(21.2~18.5) (Cr, Si, Mo)-11.4(Ni, Mn)-Fe；其它三个样品均为单一奥氏体相。经固溶后，平均维氏硬度约为160，最高为174，均满足国标要求(低于200)。在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀实验结果表明，类Cr元素含量最高的Cr_3.5-Ni_2.25-Fe_bal合金(Fe-17.8Cr-0.6Si-2.7Mo-14.0Ni-0.8Mn-0.021C)体现出最强的耐蚀性能，成分式中类Ni元素原子个数在2以上的合金也表现出较强的耐蚀性，对应的质量百分比成分区间为(18.4~21.1) (Cr, Si, Mo)-(14.7~13.0) (Ni, Mn)-Fe。类Cr元素含量高的合金点蚀电位(0.211 V)也高。综上，Cr_3.25-Ni₂-Fe_bal(Fe-16.7Cr-0.4Si-2.7Mo-11.9Ni-1.2Mn-0.021C)既能形成单相奥氏体，又具有满足标准要求的维氏硬度(~160HV)，并且其耐蚀性也在高的水平(自腐蚀电位-0.082 V、腐蚀电流密度1.83 × 10^-6 A·cm^-2、耐点蚀当量25.6、点蚀电位0.19 V)，合金化元素含量适中，是最佳合金。

关键词 ：金属材料, 成分优化, 团簇加连接原子模型, 316不锈钢, 显微组织, 点蚀

Abstract：

316 stainless steel is widely utilized due to its exceptional corrosion resistance and processibility. However, the broad composition range specified by the industrial standards can lead to obvious property variations. In this study, we first classify the solute elements of substitutional type into Cr-like ferrite stabilizer (Cr, Si, Mo) and Ni-like austenite stabilizer (Ni, Mn). Then we employ the “cluster-plus-glue-atom” model to obtain its composition unit, which contains 16 atoms. Accordingly, the GB standard is interpreted as being enclosed by five 16-atom formulas, corresponding respectively to the lower and upper limits of Cr- and Ni-like elements (Cr, Si, Mo)_{3.0625, 3.5}-(Ni, Mn)_{1.75, 2.25}-Fe_bal and the mid-value (Cr, Si, Mo)_3.25-(Ni, Mn)₂-Fe_bal. According to the above classification, five kinds of test steels were designed and melted by Ar-atmosphere arc furnace. Then in vacuum heat furnaces, they were homogenized (1150 ^oC/2 h/furnace cooling), cold-rolled (50% deformation) to 5mm sheets, and finally solutioned (1050 ^oC/0.5 h/water quenching). The steels containing the lowest Ni-like content of 1.75 in the 16-atom formulas (10.9%, atom fraction), form ferrite in austenite matrix, corresponding to the composition range of (21.2~18.5) (Cr, Si, Mo)-11.4(Ni, Mn)-Fe (%, mass fraction). The other three test steels consist of only single austenite phase. The average hardness value after rolling and solutioning is 160HV approximately, satisfying the GB requirement (< 200HV). The electrochemical tests in 3.5% NaCl solution demonstrates that the steel Cr_3.5-Ni_2.25-Fe_bal (Fe-17.8Cr-0.6Si-2.7Mo-14.0Ni-0.8Mn-0.021C), with the highest Cr-like element content, possesses the best corrosion resistance, next to it are alloys Cr_3.0625-Ni_2.25-Fe_bal and Cr_3.25-Ni₂-Fe_bal, containing Ni-like element above 2 in the formulas, covering a composition range of (18.4~21.1) (Cr, Si, Mo)-(14.7~13.0) (Ni, Mn)-Fe (%). The steels containing the highest Cr-like contents of 3.5 show the best pitting corrosion potential 0.211 V. It follows that the steel with proper amounts of alloying elements Cr_3.25-Ni₂-Fe_bal (Fe-16.7Cr-0.4Si-2.7Mo-11.9Ni-1.2Mn-0.021C), falling in the middle of the formula zone, can not only form single-phase austenite, but also meet the standard requirements of Vickers hardness (~160HV), while its corrosion resistance is also high (free-corrosion potential -0.082 V, corrosion current density 1.83 × 10^-6 A·cm^-2, PREN 25.6, and pitting corrosion potential 0.19 V).

Key words： metallic materials composition optimization cluster-plus-glue-atom model 316 stainless steel microstructure pitting corrosion

收稿日期: 2024-04-25

ZTFLH:

TG142.71

基金资助:国家自然科学基金(52101127);国家自然科学基金(52171134);辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220858);辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220837);辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220866);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC2203121);大连市优秀青年科技人才项目(2023RY040)

通讯作者: 张爽，副教授，zhangshuang@djtu.edu.cn，研究方向为金属材料设计与结构模型构建

Corresponding author: ZHANG Shuang, Tel: (0411)84106876, E-mail: zhangshuang@djtu.edu.cn

作者简介: 冉子祚，男，1999年生，硕士生

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	姜薇薇
	董晨希
	董闯
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图1 316不锈钢的(Cr, Si, Mo)-(Ni, Mn)-Fe伪三元成分图，单位为原子个数(总和为16)。红色虚线围成的区域代表316不锈钢国标成分区间，蓝色实线ABFE围成的区域为316不锈钢根据团簇式优化后的国标成分区间，红色三角形符号代表基于团簇式设计的五个合金成分点

表1 根据16原子团簇式设计的316不锈钢成分。合金编号中第一个字母表示类Ni元素的含量，第二个字母表示类Cr元素的含量，其中，B(bottom)表示下限，T(top)表示上限，M(medium)表示中值

图2 设计合金在铸态和最终态下的XRD图谱

图3 铸态合金的金相结果

图4 BT合金Cr3.5-Ni1.75-Febal和BB合金Cr3.0625-Ni1.75-Febal在铸态下的SEM图像

图5 最终态合金的金相结果

图6 铸态和最终态合金的维氏硬度

图7 最终态合金在扫描速率为1 mV/s时的极化曲线，其中横坐标取对数值

图8 最终态合金极化曲线的Tafel拟合结果

表2 最终态合金在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中的电化学参数

图9 最终态合金的耐点蚀当量和点蚀电位

图10 最终态合金在电化学腐蚀后的OM像

表3 最终态合金的点蚀坑密度、尺寸和国标评级标准

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