The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the high-strength nickel-based superalloy GH4151 were systematically studied by isothermal compression test in temperature range from 1120 °C to 1200 °C, by strain rate between 0.001 and 0.1 s^-1. Results indicate that at sub-solvus temperatures (1120-1160 °C), low strain rates promote dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and grain refinement, whereas high strain rates suppress DRX due to dislocation accumulation. Whereas, at super-solvus temperatures (1180-1200 °C), the γ′ phase was completely dissolved, and during the thermal compression within the applied strain rate range the alloy underwent complete DRX, and the grain size increases significantly with the rising temperature and decreasing strain rate. Due to the effective pinning effect of the dispersed MC carbides to the grain boundaries, resulting in the enhancement of microstructural uniformity of the alloy. These findings provide meaningful reference for optimizing hot working parameters of GH4151 superalloy to prevent abnormal grain growth or initial melting defects, thereby enhancing its service reliability.