Recent achievements in the construction of smart surfaces with controllable wettability are reviewed in this paper. The fundamental theories of wettability were introduced, techniques and their mechanisms used in controlling the wettability of surfaces including thermal chemistry, electrostatic, photo--induced surface chemistry, solvent, pH and multi--stimulation methods were elucidated. The possible prospect of smart surfaces with controllable wettability is also discussed.

Ultra-fine austenite was obtained by repetitive treatment of reheating and quenching of a low carbon steel. Large deformation with true strain (ε=2) was applied when the samples was undercooled to relatively lower temperatures in two-phase region with a cooling rate of 20℃/s, and the results showed that: a work-hardening behavior continuously presented during the after-deforming, while an extent of softening mechanisms, such as deformaiton induced tranforamation (DIF) or recrystallizaiton of ferrtie also existed simutaneously; strain-induced twin martensite formed at some separate locations with over-saturated carbon concentration, and the amount of twin martensite increased with decreasing of deformation temperatrue. The stress-strain behaviors and transient microstructure after deformation were more or less affected the distribution of carbon concentration in the ultra-fine grained austeite which was greatly dependent on the starting microstructre.

Metallic tungsten array can be successfully synthesized on the silicon substrate by vapor method at low temperature (900 °C). SEM、TEM and XRD analysis results of tungsten nanowires synthesized under 900 °C show: the synthesized nanowires have diameters of 150 nm, and lengths of 10- 30 μm. the nanowires show well-defined bcc single-crystalline structure with growth direction along <111>.

By means of quantitative analysis method, gas solubility, gas bubble nucleation condition, nucleation work, critical nucleation radius, and nucleation rate in centrifugal casting liquid metal filling and flow process are studied. The results show that with increasing the centrifugal radius and angular velocity, gas solubility as a gradient vector in centrifugal field, gas bubble nucleation work, and critical nucleation radius increase, but gas bubble nucleation rate decreases. Meanwhile, the effect of the centrifugal radius and angular velocity on gas solubility and gas bubble nucleation is more significant with their increasing. Therefore, porosity can be reduced through increasing the centrifugal radius and angular velocity in centrifugal field.

Flower-like spherical Mg(OH)₂ powder was prepared. The effects of several key factors on recovery rate of Mg and the crystal growth kinetics of Mg(OH)₂ were studied. The results show that with the increasing of initial concentration of Mg²⁺ and pH value, the recovery rate of Mg increases; increase the reaction temperature, the recovery rate increases, but when the temperature is above 60 °C, the pH value of reaction system decreases rapidly due to the volatilization of ammonia, and the recovery rate decreases; ageing process can increase the recovery rate of Mg, when the ageing time is above 60 min, because Mg has been precipitated completely, the recovery rate increases no more. Mg(OH)₂ grains prepared by ammonia precipitation method under prime conditions are flower-like spherical, the shape is regular, the dispersivity is good, the granularity is uniform, the grain size is about 2 μm, the thickness of flake is about 30 nm. The mass of Mg(OH)₂ precipitated and the average diameters of Mg(OH)₂ grains increase exponentially with the reaction time.

Ferrous parts were prepared through high velocity compaction (HVC), the relationship between the impact energy, the impact velocity and the stroke length was investigated. The effects of impact energy and compaction methods on the green density, the maximal impact force, the withdraw force and the radial springback were discussed. The results showed that the impact energy was direct proportional to the stroke length and the impact velocity is parabolic to it. The green density increased with the impact energy increasing. In single impact the green density was 7.336 g/cm³, relative density about 97%, when impact energy was 6510 J. For the same total impact energy the green density of specimen processed by double impacts was the best and that of specimen fabricated by triplex impacts was the lowest. The withdraw force and the radial springback of specimen produced by HVC were all lower than that of specimen processed by traditional compaction.

The interlayer containing Mn element and the SnO₂ surface coating were prepared by dip coating and sol-gel method, respectively. The Ti/SnO₂ and Ti/MnO_x/SnO₂ electrode were prepared by thermal oxidation technique. The service life of electrodes was evaluated by accelerated life experiment under big current density. The micrographs of electrode surface, the element composition of different layers and the chemical environment of elements in electrode surface were analyzed with the help of SEM, EDS and XPS. It was found that Ti/MnO_x/SnO₂ electrode processed longer service life than that of Ti/SnO₂ electrode. The main reasons of long service life were compacted coating and much crystal oxygen in electrode surface which could reduce or resist the corrosion of electrode.

The oxidation behavior of 9Cr-1Mo steel in (Ar+10%H₂O) atmosphere at 600 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C was investigated. During oxidation for 10h the oxidation kinetics followed parabolic law at 600 °C, but two–stage parabolic law at 650 °C and 700 °C, in which the rate constant at the initial stage was higher than that at the second stage. With increasing temperature, the oxidation rate of T91 steel increased significantly. The oxidation activation energy was identified as 157.2 kJ/mol. The oxide scale with three–layer microstructure was composed of Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄ and (Fe, Cr)₃O₄ in the order from the top layer to the inner layer. Meanwhile the internal oxidation was also observed, the corresponding internal oxides were Cr₂O₃ and FeO. However, at 700 °C, neither Fe₂O₃ outer layer nor internal oxides formed. The outer layer (Fe₂O₃) had a weak adhesion to the intermediate layer (Fe₃O₄) and easily spalled during cooling from oxidation temperature to room temperature. The oxidation mechanism of T91 in (Ar+H₂O) atmosphere was discussed finally.

The corrosion behavior of Fe–15Cr–10Al alloy was examined at 700 °C in the reducing H₂--CO₂  and H₂--HCl--H₂S--HClatmosphere. As a result, the minor addition of HCl and H2S to a H₂--CO₂ atmosphere induced the degradation of protective alumina and the growth of Fe, Cr and Al oxide mixtures on the surface of Fe–15Cr–10Al alloy, which was attributed to the formation of sulfides  and chlorides in the scales during corrosion procedure. The equilibrium partial pressures of  chlorine, oxygen and sulfur in the mixed gases were calculated to estimate the possible reactions  between the alloy components and the multi–reactants, and their corrosion mechanisms were  also interpreted.

Effect of thiourea in acidic sulfate solution on electrochemical corrosion behavior of bulk nanocrystallized ingot iron (BNII) was investigated in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ + 0.25 M Na₂SO₄ solution at room temperature by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization method (PDP), compared to that of coarse polycrystalline ingot iron (CPII). The results show that For CPII, an inductive loop appears in the Nyquist plots after 5 minutes, immersion. With the increase of immersion time, the Nyquist plot of CPII is not a perfect semicircle; the Nyquist plots of BNII contain two capacitive loops with two time constants. The inhibition of thiourea to BNII is very limited. However, thiourea promoted the dissolution of BNII. The polarization curves for both samples show the presence of a desorption potential. When the potential is higher than the desorption potential, the anodic dissolution current increases very abruptly.

Three alicyclic dianhydrides, 1,2,3,4–cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA,I),  1,2,4,5–cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CPDA, II), and 1,2,4,5–cyclohexane tetracarboxylic dianhydride (CHDA, III) were polymerized with two aromatic diamines, 1,4–bis (4–amino–2– trifluoromethylphenoxy) benzene (6FAPB, a) and 4,4´–bis(4–amino–2– trifluoromethyl phenoxy) biphenyl (6FBAB, b) respectively, via a two–step polycondensation procedure to afford two series of fluorinated semi–alicyclic polyimides (PIs). The PIs showed good thermal stability with the initial thermal decomposing temperatures higher than 450 °C in nitrogen and glass transition temperatures higher than 250 °C. The PI films exhibited good optical transparency in the visible light region (450–700 nm) with the transmittance higher than 88% at 450 nm. The PI films showed little absorption at the optocommunication wavelengths of 1.30 μm and 1.55 μm.

Full dense isotropic and anisotropic Nd₂Fe₁₄B/α--Fe nanocomposite magnets were prepared via sonochemistry method, spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot deformation method. The effects of α–Fe volume fraction on the structure and magnetic properties of the magnets were investigated. For the isotropic magnets, the exchanging coupling and remanence increase as the α–Fe content increases. For the anisotropic magnets, only the magnets with no more than 2% α–Fe exhibit strong c-axis crystal texture of Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase, and the better magnetic properties are B_r=1.367 T, H_ci=712 kA/m, (BH)_m=327 kJ/m³.

Polyaluminocarbosilane(PACS) was synthesized by a reaction between polysilacarbosilane and  aluminum acetylacetonate at ambient pressure in N₂. A reactor with a high temperature pyrolysis equipment which was filled with fillings was used, so PACS can be prepared for shorter reaction  time. Comparing with the PACS synthesized without fillings, its Mn increased from 1008 to 2436,  its molecular distribution was narrower, and its –Si–Si– bonds content decreased. Moreover,  ceramic yield of the obtained PACS at 1200℃ in N2 was increased from 65% to 69% when it was  synthesized with fillings. It is suggested that the translation from –Si–Si– bonds to –Si–C– bonds  was facilitated when the filling existed. The PACS is spinnability. Lower mass was gotten during  air curing process. The tensile strength of the obtained Si–Al–C–O fiber is 2.1 GPa. A densified  SiC(Al) fiber was obtained after been heated at 1800 ℃ in Ar.

Bending rotating fatigue properties and fatigue crack growth (FCG) characteristic of a medium–carbon TRIP steel at different tensile strength (Rm) levels were investigated. The results show that the fatigue  limits σ₋₁ of austempering (AT) specimens are higher than those of quenching and tempering (QT)  specimens at the strength levels of 1100 MPa and 1300 MPa. The ratios of σ₋₁ to R_m (σ₋₁/R_m) of AT  specimens can reach 0.56, which are higher than those of QT specimens (0.51 ~ 0.52), and the FCG  results show that the stage–Ⅱ fatigue crack growth rates da/dN of AT specimens are lower than those  of QT specimens at the same tensile strength level. Moreover, the differences in fatigue limit and da/dN  between AT and QT conditions decreased with the increase of tensile strength from 1100 MPa to 1300  MPa.

High–cycle fatigue fracture behaviors of three ferrite–pearlite type microalloyed steels with different carbon and vanadium content and one quenched and tempered (QT) low alloy steel 40Cr for comparison were investigated by rotating bending fatigue test. The results show that microstructure has a significant effect on the fatigue properties of the microalloyed forging steels. Both fatigue limit and fatigue limit ratio increase with increasing the hardness of ferrite and the fatigue limit ratio of 22MnVS steel is as high as 0.60, which is much higher than that of QT steel 40Cr. The formation of film–like ferrite along coarse prior austenite grain boundary deteriorates the fatigue properties of medium–carbon steels 38MnVS and 48MnS in as–rolled condition, which is lower than that of QT steel 40Cr. The fatigue fracture mechanism of microalloyed steels is different from that of QT steel. For the microalloyed steels, almost all the fatigue cracks initiated mainly along the boundary between ferrite and pearlite and propagated preferentially along that boundary, whereas for QT steel with same strength level, which does not possess soft phase of ferrite, the fatigue cracks easily initiated at coarse subsurface inclusions.

Effects of parameters of Vibrating Wavelike Sloping Plate process (VWSP) on solidification microstructures  of Al–6Si–2Mg alloy were investigated. The results show that sloping angle and sloping plate length can  affect the shear strength and shear time of the flow alloy on the sloping plate and thus influence alloy  microstructure. When the casting temperature is in the range from 660℃ to 690 ℃, grain refining and  spheroidization proceed with the decrease of casting temperature, the average grain size is 40 μm and  the average grain roundness is 2.5. When the casting temperature is lower than 660℃, dendrite  coarsening appears. The vibrating of the sloping plate can lead the nucleus forming on the sloping plate  surface to escape off the sloping plate and disperse in the melt, which not only can effectively avoid grain  connecting and solidification shell happening but also can improve the nucleation rate and refine microstructure.  With the increase of vibration frequency, grain roundness decreases first and then increases, when the vibration  frequency is in the range from 50 Hz to 60 Hz, the grain roundness reaches the minimum value. Wavelike sloping  plate surface had a stirring function on the flowing alloy, which improved the shear strength in the alloy and  caused grains became finer and more round.

Electrochemically deposited n–type Bi–Te alloy thin films were grown on the conducting polyaniline (cPANI) film electrode whose conducting property with heat treatment temperature was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the deposition voltage of Bi–Te; XRD, EDS and SEM were used for structural, morphological and compositional characterization; Thermoelectric transport properties of the electrodeposited Bi–Te thin films at different temperatures were measured before and after the heat treatment to cPANI; Influences of cathodic potential on the microstructures and thermoelectric properties of the as deposited film were also investigated. The results reveal that cPANI can be almost insulated after heat treated at 180 % for 3 h; Deposited Te content reached a maximum of 67.76% when –125 mV was applied and the structures and thermoelectric properties vary; The conductance of the substrate interferes the properties of the as deposited film. The Seebeck coefficient, electric conductivity and power factor of the as deposited film increased by 47.6 μV/K, 6.86×10⁴s/m and 14.3×10⁻⁴W/K²m, respectively when the cPANI is insulative.

The precipitation of as-cast GH742 alloy is complicated and the dendritic segregation is severe.  Niobium and titanium are segregated to the interdendritic region and enriched in the precipitates such as MC carbide, Laves phase, δ phase, (γ+γ´) eutectic. The melting temperature of as-cast GH742 alloy is 1160   determined by differential thermal analysis and metallography, while the soluble temperatures of γ´ phase,(γ+γ´)eutectic, MC carbide, Laves phase, δ phase, Ni5Ce phase and RE-O-S phase were determined by different homogenization treatments. In order to obtain uniform austenitic microstructure, a two-step homogenization treatment via low temperature pretreatment followed by high temperature diffusion is established due to the melting of RE-O-S phase at 1120  , which broadens the window of the homogenization temperature and increases the annealing temperature. The diffusion coefficient of niobium is much smaller than that of titanium, which requires more time to be absolutely homogenized.

Large V-shaped pits associated with the dislocation clusters are observed in the surface of GaN thin film  grown at relative high temperature or low V/III ratio in MOCVD. A model concerning the mass transport  mechanism is put forward to interpret their formation. Al atom diffused from the substrate is found to  assist in the formation of the large pit, and to prevent the dislocations connected with the pit from being  decorated by the deep level impurities or vacancy. Dislocations in GaN act as nonradiative recombination  centers, but do not contribute to the deep level luminescence.

C₂H₂ and O₂ of flame was used to deposit carbon coatings on high Co YG series cemented carbide surface. the influence of acid corroded Co YG8, YG16 and deposition time have been investigated With the method of XRD, SEM, Raman and atomic microscope, carbon coatings structure, quality and Cross sectional microstructures of carbon coating was analyzed. The experimental result show that after different acid corroded Co time, the typical diamond/nanometer carbon tube and diamond-graphite-no crystal carbon coatings have been formed on the cemented carbide YG8 surface; after acid corroded Co 20 time, nanometer carbon tube has been mainly formed on the cemented carbide YG16 surface