Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Ca-Zn-Mn Alloy Sheet Prepared by Differential Speed Extrusion

doi:10.11901/1005.3093.2024.499

Chinese Journal of Materials Research

2026, Vol. 40

Issue (2): 81-91 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2024.499

ARTICLES

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Ca-Zn-Mn Alloy Sheet Prepared by Differential Speed Extrusion

LV Yipeng¹^,², HUANG Qiuyan²(

), LI Yingju², ZHENG Li¹, LUO Tianjiao², FENG Xiaohui², YANG Yuansheng²

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
^2.Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

LV Yipeng, HUANG Qiuyan, LI Yingju, ZHENG Li, LUO Tianjiao, FENG Xiaohui, YANG Yuansheng. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Ca-Zn-Mn Alloy Sheet Prepared by Differential Speed Extrusion. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2026, 40(2): 81-91.

Download:

HTML

PDF(29121KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Mg-6Al-3Ca-1Zn-0.3Mn alloy (mass fraction, %) was prepared by gravity casting, and the alloy was homogenized and differential speed extruded. The effect of differential speed extrusion on the microstructure and properties of different portions of the plates were investigated by using EBSD and TEM, and meanwhile the differential speed extrusion process was analyzed via finite element simulation with Deform-3D. As indicated by the results, that the temperature field and stress field in the extrusion process are the key factors affecting the microstructure of the plate. The temperature at the front end of the plate drops rapidly at the early stage of extrusion, forming a temperature difference with the inside of the die, which results in incomplete recrystallization, and thereby emergence of a large number of un-recrystallized grains. In the late stage of extrusion, the plate temperature is consistent and high, and the billet inside the cavity is subjected to increased stress, which produces partial twinning and promotes dynamic recrystallization. The starting portion of the plate consists of coarse un-recrystallized grains and fine dynamically recrystallized grains, and there is a color gradient within the un-recrystallized grains, and a large number of LAGBs are distributed among the un-recrystallized grains, and the recrystallization mechanism may be continuous dynamic recrystallization. The end portion of the plate consists of equiaxed grains with locally protruding grain boundaries, and the original grain boundaries show jagged shape, and the recrystallization mechanism may be ascribed to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. Finally, the starting portion of the plate is obtained as the highest tensile strength of 328 MPa, which is due to the combined effect of fine crystal strengthening of the recrystallized grains and dislocation strengthening of the un-recrystallized grains. The end portion of the plate shows the best elongation of about 16.6%, which is mainly due to grain refinement and weakening of the weave structure.

Key words: metallic materials Mg alloy differential speed extrusion microstructural heterogeneity

Received: 16 December 2024

ZTFLH:

TG146.22

Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3701100);Applied Basic Research Program Project of Liaoning Province(2023020253-JH2/1016);Key Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province(202102050201005)

Corresponding Authors: HUANG Qiuyan, Tel: 18512416690, E-mail: qyhuang16b@imr.ac.cn

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	LV Yipeng
	HUANG Qiuyan
	LI Yingju
	ZHENG Li
	LUO Tianjiao
	FENG Xiaohui
	YANG Yuansheng

URL:

https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2024.499 OR https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2026/V40/I2/81

Fig.1 Differential extrusion mold^[22] (a) and three-way schematic diagram of extruded plate (b)

Fig.2 Photographs of the surfaces of the differential extrusion plates (a) starting, (b) starting-middle, (c) middle, (d) middle-end, (e) end

Fig.3 OM of five portions of the extruded plates from starting to end (a) starting, (b) starting-middle, (c) middle, (d) middle-end, (e) end

Fig.4 SEM of five portions of the extruded plates from starting to end (a) starting, (b) starting-middle, (c) middle, (d) middle-end, (e) end

Fig.5 EDS analysis results of the extruded plates (a) the starting of the extruded plates, (b) the end of the extruded plates

Table 1 EDS results of the second phase in the alloy (atomic fraction, %)

Fig.6 XRD patterns of extruded plates

Fig.7 Deform finite element simulation of extruded plates (a, b) temperature field, (c, d) stress field

Fig.8 Microstructure morphology simulated by different steps of plates (a) step 1, (b) step 6, (c) step 12, (d) step 18, (e) step 24, (f) step 30

Fig.9 IPF (a-e) and KAM (f-j) maps of five portions of the extruded plates in TD-ED direction from starting to end (a, f) starting, (b, g) starting-middle, (c, h) middle, (d, i) middle-end, (e, j) end

Fig.10 DRXed grain (a-e) and recrystallized grain size distribution (f-j) maps of five portions of the extruded plates in TD-ED direction from starting to end (a, f) starting, (b, g) starting-middle, (c, h) middle, (d, i) middle-end, (e, j) end

Fig.11 Polar maps and inverse pole maps of five portions of the extruded plates in TD-ED direction from starting to end (a) starting, (b) starting-middle, (c) middle, (d) middle-end, (e) end

Fig.12 IPF (a-e) and KAM (f-j) maps of five portions of the extruded plates in ND-TD direction from starting to end (a, f) starting, (b, g) starting-middle, (c, h) middle, (d, i) middle-end, (e, j) end

Fig.13 DRXed grain (a-e) and recrystallized grain size distribution (f-j) maps of five portions of the extruded plates in ND-TD direction from starting to end (a, f) starting, (b, g) starting-middle, (c, h) middle, (d, i) middle-end, (e, j) end

Fig.14 Residual dislocations of unrecrystallized grains in the starting-middle of the extruded plate (a) dislocation analysis of extruded plate grains, (b) TEM image taken under g = (0001) condition, (c) TBDF image taken under g = $(10 1 ¯ 0)$ condition

Fig.15 Residual dislocations of recrystallized grains in the middle-end of the extruded plate (a) HAADF-STEM image of recrystallized grains of the middle-end, (b) HAADF-STEM image of recrystallized grains of the end

Fig.16 Engineering stress-strain tensile curves of extruded plate from starting to end

Table 2 Mechanical properties of extruded plate from starting to end

[1]	Mordike B L, Ebert T. Magnesium: properties-applications-potential [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2001, 302A: 37
[2]	You S H, Huang Y D, Kainer K U, et al. Recent research and developments on wrought magnesium alloys [J]. J. Magnes. Alloy., 2017, 5: 239
[3]	Kang Q, Jiang H T, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of various Ca content on microstructure and fracture toughness of extruded Mg-2Zn alloys [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2018, 742: 1019
[4]	She J, Pan F S, Guo W, et al. Effect of high Mn content on development of ultra-fine grain extruded magnesium alloy [J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 90: 7
[5]	Suh B C, Shim M S, Shin K S, et al. Current issues in magnesium sheet alloys: where do we go from here? [J]. Scr. Mater., 2014, 84-85: 1
[6]	Wang X J, Xu D K, Wu R Z, et al. What is going on in magnesium alloys? [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34: 245
[7]	Kang J W, Sun X F, Deng K K, et al. High strength Mg-9Al serial alloy processed by slow extrusion [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 697A: 211
[8]	Sun X F, Wang C J, Deng K K, et al. High strength SiCp/AZ91 composite assisted by dynamic precipitated Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2018, 732: 328
[9]	Yang Z, Xu C, Nakata T, et al. Effect of extrusion ratio and temperature on microstructures and tensile properties of extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Mn-Sc alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2021, 800A: 140330
[10]	Yu Z J, Xu C, Meng J, et al. Effects of extrusion ratio and temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of as-extruded Mg-Gd-Y-(Nd/Zn)-Zr alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, 762A: 138080
[11]	Hono K, Mendis C L, Sasaki T T, et al. Towards the development of heat-treatable high-strength wrought Mg alloys [J]. Scr. Mater., 2010, 63: 710
[12]	Hofstetter J, Rüedi S, Baumgartner I, et al. Processing and microstructure-property relations of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) Mg-Zn-Ca alloys [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 98: 423
[13]	Du Y Z, Qiao X G, Zheng M Y, et al. The microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-5.3Zn-0.2Ca-0.5Ce (wt%) alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, 620A: 164
[14]	Park S H, Jung J G, Kim Y M, et al. A new high-strength extruded Mg-8Al-4Sn-2Zn alloy [J]. Mater. Lett., 2015, 139: 35
[15]	Pan H C, Qin G W, Huang Y M, et al. Development of low-alloyed and rare-earth-free magnesium alloys having ultra-high strength [J]. Acta Mater., 2018, 149: 350
[16]	Pan H C, Qin G W, Xu M, et al. Enhancing mechanical properties of Mg-Sn alloys by combining addition of Ca and Zn [J]. Mater. Des., 2015, 83: 736
[17]	Xu S W, Oh-Ishi K, Kamado S, et al. High-strength extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2011, 65: 269
[18]	Li Z T, Zhang X D, Zheng M Y, et al. Effect of Ca/Al ratio on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 682A: 423
[19]	Xu S W, Oh-Ishi K, Kamado S, et al. Effects of different cooling rates during two casting processes on the microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2012, 542A: 71
[20]	Li Z T, Qiao X G, Xu C, et al. Ultrahigh strength Mg-Al-Ca-Mn extrusion alloys with various aluminum contents [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2019, 792: 130
[21]	Zhang A Y, Kang R, Wu L, et al. A new rare-earth-free Mg-Sn-Ca-Mn wrought alloy with ultra-high strength and good ductility [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, 754A: 269
[22]	Yang Q S, Jiang B, He J J, et al. Tailoring texture and refining grain of magnesium alloy by differential speed extrusion process [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014, 612A: 187
[23]	Wang Q H, Jiang B, Tang A T, et al. Ameliorating the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy: role of texture [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 689A: 395
[24]	Zhang D D, Pan H C, He Z X, et al. Mechanical anisotropy and microstructural heterogeneity of a free-forged ME20 alloy with a large cross section [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2023, 863A: 144551
[25]	Zhou J Y. Numerical simulation of asymmetric forging extrusion of AZ31 magnesium alloy [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2022
	周璟怡. AZ31镁合金非对称锻造挤压的数值模拟 [D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2022
[26]	Zhao H Y. Study on dynamic recrystallization behavior of rare earth magnesium alloy during hot deformation and cellular automata simulation [D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2022
	赵宏越. 稀土镁合金热变形动态再结晶行为研究及元胞自动机模拟 [D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2022
[27]	Ding N, Du W B, Li S B, et al. Strain rate dependence of dynamic recrystallization and texture evolution in hot compressed Mg-Gd-Er-Zr alloy [J]. J. Magnes. Alloy., 2025, 13: 161
[28]	Gui Y W, Ouyang L X, Xue Y B, et al. Effect of thermo-mechanical processing parameters on the dynamic restoration mechanism in an Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Sm-0.5Zr alloy during hot compression [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 90: 205
[29]	Zhang D D, Liu C M, Jiang S N, et al. Effects of dynamic recrystallization mechanisms on texture evolution in Mg-Gd-Y-Zr-Ag alloy during hot compression [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2023, 944: 169190
[30]	Chen X Y, Wang D Z, Li Q N, et al. Hot compression behavior and microstructure evolution of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy [J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 30: 755
[31]	Zhou T, Chen D, Chen Z H, et al. Investigation on microstructures and properties of rapidly solidified Mg-6wt.% Zn-5wt.% Ca-3wt.% Ce alloy [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2009, 475: L1
[32]	Agnew S R, Capolungo L, Calhoun C A. Connections between the basal I1 “growth” fault and 〈c+a〉 dislocations [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 82: 255
[33]	Wang J, Ferdowsi M R G, Kada S R, et al. Influence of precipitation on yield elongation in Mg-Zn alloys [J]. Scr. Mater., 2019, 160: 5
[34]	Huang G H, Yin D D, Lu J W, et al. Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties evolution of extruded fine-grained Mg-Y sheets during annealing [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 720A: 24
[35]	Hidalgo-Manrique P, Robson J D, Pérez-Prado M T. Precipitation strengthening and reversed yield stress asymmetry in Mg alloys containing rare-earth elements: a quantitative study [J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 124: 456
[36]	Yuan W, Panigrahi S K, Su J Q, et al. Influence of grain size and texture on Hall-Petch relationship for a magnesium alloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2011, 65: 994
[37]	Razavi S M, Foley D C, Karaman I, et al. Effect of grain size on prismatic slip in Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy [J]. Scr. Mater., 2012, 67: 439
[38]	Zhang D D, Yang Q, Guan K, et al. A high-strength low-rare-earth-alloyed magnesium alloy via traditional hot-extrusion [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2019, 810: 151967
[39]	Cáceres C H, Lukáč P. Strain hardening behaviour and the Taylor factor of pure magnesium [J]. Philos. Mag., 2008, 88: 977
[40]	Jiang M G, Chen J C, Yan H, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg-1. 58Zn-0.52Gd alloy [A]. SolankiK A, OrlovD, SinghA, et al. Magnesium Technology 2017 [M]. Cham: Springer, 2017: 297

[1]	ZHU Jingwei, YU Tingting, ZHANG Ke, WAN Guoxi, LI Jinghui, HUANG Zhong, LI Zhaodong, XU Dangwei, PENG Ningqi. Effect of Welding Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Coarse-grained Heat-affected Zone for Q620qENH Steel Welded Joints[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(2): 99-107.
[2]	LIU Weijun, ZHANG Guangtai, BIAN Hongyou, YU Xingfu, WANG Huiru, ZAO Yijie. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CoMoCrSi/Y₂O₃ Composite Coatings on DD5 Single Crystal Superalloy by Laser Melting Deposition[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(2): 108-118.
[3]	MENG Acong, SUN Yaoning, WU Pu, WEI Ning, Kashif Naseem. Effect of Mg Content on Discharge Performance of Al-air Battery Anode[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(2): 127-135.
[4]	ZHENG Jianjun, ZHANG Tao, CHEN Hao, LV Lei. Effect of High-temperature Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of GH4169 Nickel-based Superalloy[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(2): 143-151.
[5]	HAN Yang, LI Mengchen, YU Hongyue, QIAO Liang, SHEN Yuge, GAO Shanbin, JIAO Yilai, CHI Kebin. Synthesis of Hierarchical ZSM-22 Zeolite and its Catalytic Performance for Hydrogenation Isomerization of n-Dodecane[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 1-12.
[6]	LIU Jiabao, GAO Xuefeng, ZHANG Haoyu, WANG Liang, WANG Yanhui, YUE Xiangang, MENG Jie, LI Jinguo, ZHOU Yizhou. Microstructure of DD5 Single Crystal High-temperature Alloy Prepared via Rapid Solidification Process by Using a Large Module with Dense Array of Seed Crystals[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 13-22.
[7]	LIU Xuanye, LIU Yi, WANG Jing, XIAO Daheng, JIA Yunhang, LI Chunyu, LI Yunjie, YUAN Guo, WANG Guodong. Influence of Tempering Duration on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Strain-aged Medium-manganese Steel with 2300 MPa Yield Strength[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 31-38.
[8]	CHEN Qingan, LI Diaofeng, JIA Qing, WANG Ran, ZHANG Zhiqiang, BAI Chunguang. Effect of Rapid Electrical Heating on Microstructure Evolution in TC4 Alloy[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 39-47.
[9]	WEI Jiayu, WANG Jingzhong, ZHAI Yazhong, ZHU Rui, CHE Hongyan. Effect of Powdering Technology on Microstructure and Properties of New Nickel-based ODS Alloy[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 48-58.
[10]	ZHAO Shuwei, SUN Wenru, LV Wenlong, ZHANG Weihong, QIU Keqiang. Elements Segregation and Microstructure Homogenization of Cast GH4065A Superalloy[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 59-71.
[11]	SU Yong, SHI Dingrui, YU Xingfu, WEI Yinghua. Effect of Solution Treatment on Hardness and Wear Resistance of a High-carbon H13 Steel[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(1): 72-80.
[12]	YANG Jingqing, DONG Wenchao, LU Shanping. Effect of δ-ferrite Content on Resistance to Cracking and Nitric Acid Corrosion of Weld Joints for High SiN Austenitic Stainless Steel[J]. 材料研究学报, 2025, 39(9): 641-649.
[13]	ZHAN Jie, CHEN Xiaojiang, ZOU Zhili, SU Xingdong, XIE Shiyu, JIANG Liang, WANG Jinling, WANG Lielin. Preparation of Nano Ag⁰@ACF Material and Its Adsorption Performance for Gaseous Iodine[J]. 材料研究学报, 2025, 39(9): 673-682.
[14]	SHI Yuanji, CHENG Cheng, ZHANG Haitao, HU Daochun, CHEN Jingjing, LI Junwan. Nanoscale Analysis of Material Removal Behavior of β-SiC Semiconductor Devices during Sliding Wear[J]. 材料研究学报, 2025, 39(9): 701-711.
[15]	ZHOU Yingying, ZHANG Yingxian, DAN Zhuoya, DU Xu, DU Haonan, ZHEN Enyuan, LUO Fa. Influence of La Doping on Microwave Absorption Properties of YFeO₃ Ceramics[J]. 材料研究学报, 2025, 39(8): 561-568.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed