奥氏体耐热钢Sanicro25的高温压痕蠕变行为
High-temperature Indentation Creep Behavior of an Austenitic Heat-resistant Steel Sanicro25
通讯作者: 赵杰,教授,jiezhao@dlut.edu.cn,研究方向为金属材料蠕变、组织演化、损伤及寿命预测;曹铁山,副教授,tieshan@dlut.edu.cn,研究方向为金属材料高温形变、相变
责任编辑: 黄青
收稿日期: 2025-01-02 修回日期: 2025-06-07
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Corresponding authors: ZHAO Jie, Tel:
Received: 2025-01-02 Revised: 2025-06-07
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作者简介 About authors
张浩杰,男,1999年生,硕士
在温度为973~1073 K、应力为273~765 MPa的条件下进行Sanicro25奥氏体耐热钢的压痕蠕变实验,平端圆柱压头的直径为1 mm。结果表明:随着实验温度的提高和应力的增大稳态蠕变速率呈显著提高的趋势。根据稳态幂律关系计算出平均应力指数为3.6、激活能为257~295 kJ/mol。这些结果,与单轴拉伸实验结果高度一致,表明压痕蠕变实验能可靠表征合金的蠕变行为。试样表面的典型塑性堆积特征,源于压头下方的完全塑性区中轴向材料的流动;微观组织分析表明,压痕下方形成三个特征变形区,其中一个过渡区中的晶粒发生了显著择优取向变形,验证了位错攀移主导的蠕变机制。
关键词:
Herewith, the indentation creep of Sanicro25 steel was assessed via an indentation creep test set with a flat-ended cylindrical indenter of 1 mm in diameter in temperature range of 973-1073 K, and stress range of 273-765 MPa. The results show that: with the increase of temperature and stress, the steady state creep rate is increasing; according to the steady state power relationship, the average stress index is deduced to be 3.6, and the activation energy 257-295 kJ/mol, which are in good agreement with those acquired from the uniaxial tensile test. It follows that the indentation creep test can reliably characterize the creep behavior of alloys. The surface of the tested steel presents typical characteristics of plastic deformation accumulation, which may be ascribed to the material flow that occurs beneath the pressure indenter in the fully plastic region along the axial direction; There existed three characteristic deformation zones beneath the indenter, in one of the three zones, the grains exhibit significant preferential orientation deformation, which verified the creep mechanism dominated by dislocation migration.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
张浩杰, 林通, 赵杰, 曹铁山, 程从前.
ZHANG Haojie, LIN Tong, ZHAO Jie, CAO Tieshan, CHENG Congqian.
进行单轴拉伸蠕变实验可获取材料的蠕变参数。压痕蠕变实验,是用恒定载荷将圆柱形压头推入固体的平面。与传统的蠕变实验相比,压痕蠕变实验的优点是:(1) 实验用样品较小且只要有一个平坦的表面。(2) 压痕蠕变实验还可用于表征薄膜或复合材料颗粒的局部变形。与其他压痕技术(例如使用维氏压头进行维氏硬度测试)相比,圆柱形压头的优势在于:在恒定载荷测试中,压头下的截面应力是恒定的。使用圆柱形压头进行压痕蠕变实验可避免极高的局部应力集中[4]。
对于Sanicro25合金,大多用常规的拉伸蠕变实验数据评价其蠕变性能。Zhang等[5] 用拉伸实验数据研究了Sanicro25合金的高温变形和断裂机理,得到蠕变活化能为271.6 kJ/mol和真实应力指数为3,还观察到存在纳米级MX和Cu析出相。阈值应力的理论计算结果证实,纳米级Cu析出相在973 K发生剪切,而位错在973~1023 K向MX析出相爬升。吕德超等[6]也用拉伸实验结果分析了蠕变的本构方程、组织结构和断裂特征以深入理解Sanicro25钢的蠕变变形机制,确定了材料的真实应力指数为5,激活能为286 kJ/mol。Dymáček等[7]对Sanicro25钢进行了恒定变形率、恒定力和恒定变形(应力松弛)下的小冲孔实验。结果表明,恒定挠曲率实验结果与在室温和700 ℃进行的单轴拉伸实验结果之间存在若干经验关系,并确定了力/应力比Ψ和kSP参数。对恒定挠度小冲孔实验结果和单轴应力松弛实验结果的相关性分析表明,其结果相同。
本文将压痕蠕变实验结果与常规拉伸蠕变结果比较,研究奥氏体耐热钢Sanicro25的高温压痕蠕变行为。
1 实验方法
实验用Sanicro25钢(奥氏体耐热钢)的名义化学成分(质量分数,%)为:Ni(23.5~26.6)-Cr(21.5~23.5)W(2.0~4.0)-Cu(2.0~3.5)-Co(1.0~2.0)-Nb(0.30~0.60)-N(0.15~0.30)-C(0.04~0.1)-Mn(0.6)-Si(0.4)-S(0.015)(最大值)和Fe(余量)。实验用材料是经过固溶(1417~1523 K)处理的无缝钢管(外径为54 mm,壁厚为9 mm)。用线切割机将钢管切成尺寸为9 mm × 8 mm × 5 mm的试样,将其依次用400#、800#、1000#、1500#、2000#的砂纸打磨,然后用粒度为1.5 μm的抛光膏抛光。
Sanicro25的原始组织图是由大量退火孪晶、等轴奥氏体以及未溶解的富Nb、Cr和N的沉淀颗粒组成(图1a)。
图1
图1
Sanicro25钢的原始金相组织和压痕蠕变示意图
Fig.1
Original metallographic organization (a) and indentation creep schematic diagram (b) of Sanicro25 steel
使用机械式蠕变实验机进行蠕变实验。这种蠕变实验机配备氮化硅平头圆柱压头(直径1 mm,硬度2200HV),加载速率为0.5 mm/min。抛光后的试样表面粗糙度Ra < 0.1 μm。这种实验机配备一个三区分割炉,用于进行恒定载荷压痕实验。平头圆柱压头安装在位于垂直加载杆中心的支架上。5 mm厚的试样位于冲头下方的平台上,试样和压头容纳在高温炉中,实验中向炉中通入氮气防止其氧化。在温度为973~1073 K、冲压应力为273~765 MPa (表1)(停留时间最长为70000 s)的条件下,对每个Sanicro25钢试样进行压痕蠕变测试。施加载荷后,用传感器自动测量压痕深度作为时间的函数并用计算机获取数据。位移传感器的精度为0.0001 mm。图1b给出了压痕蠕变示意图。
表1 实验条件与参数
Table 1
| Material | Temperature, T/K | Applied stress,σ/MPa |
|---|---|---|
973 | 510 638 765 | |
998 | 383 510 638 765 | |
| Sanicro25 steel | 1023 | 383 510 638 765 |
1073 | 273 510 638 765 |
2 结果和讨论
2.1 压痕蠕变行为
图2给出了Sanicro25钢的压痕蠕变和速率的曲线,可见温度和应力水平对材料的蠕变特性有显著的影响:随着温度的升高和应力的增大,压痕深度增大和蠕变速率提高,源于热激活促进了位错运动。根据蠕变速率的演变特征,压痕蠕变过程可分为两个典型阶段:第一阶段,始于瞬时弹性变形后的应变积累,其特征为初始阶段的蠕变速率极高。随着压痕时间的延长,材料内位错增殖和交互作用产生加工硬化,使变形抗力持续增大和蠕变速率指数降低。在此过程中,材料的加工硬化机制与动态回复机制竞争,二者达到动态平衡时系统进入第二阶段——稳态蠕变阶段。在稳态蠕变阶段压痕深度与时间呈现良好的线性关系。值得注意的是,与传统拉伸蠕变实验不同,压痕蠕变没有加速蠕变阶段(第三阶段),因为压痕实验特有的三维压应力抑制了试样的颈缩和断裂。
图2
图2
Sanicro25钢的压痕蠕变曲线
Fig.2
Indentation depth-time (a, c) and indentation creep rate-time (b, d) curves for Sanicro25 steel at different stresses (a, c) and different temperatures (b, d)
为了确保实验数据的可靠性,在试样表面随机选取测试点,对510~765 MPa应力区间(温度恒定为1073 K)进行三次重复测试。图3a表明,各次测试的蠕变曲线高度一致,相对误差小于5%,表明实验方法的可重复性和数据的可靠性。
图3
图3
Sanicro25钢在1073 K的压痕蠕变曲线
Fig.3
Sanicro25 indentation creep curves at 1073 K (a) repeated three measurement curves at different stresses at 1073 K, (b) indentation creep rate-depth
图3b揭示了温度为1073 K不同应力下的压痕蠕变速率随着压入深度的演化规律。曲线的特征显示,在所有的应力下蠕变速率都经历初始阶段的高速衰减过程,达到临界压入深度后进入速率稳定区,标志着稳态蠕变阶段的开始。
2.2 压痕蠕变参数
对于常规拉伸实验,通常使用最小蠕变速率。对于压痕蠕变实验,因为没有第三蠕变阶段而用稳态蠕变速率
在压痕蠕变实验中,用直径为“2r”的扁圆柱压头在试样表面施加恒定载荷“L”。于是,作用在试样表面的应力和压痕速率分别为[8]
和
式中σind为净截面应力即压头下方的压痕应力,vind为压头的压入速度,h为t时刻的压入深度。
式中
应力相关因子α相当于约束因子,与材料的硬度和单轴流变应力有关[16]。在应力恒定的常规拉伸蠕变中,蠕变速率随温度的变化遵循Arrhenius幂律关系
式中
式中n为压痕蠕变应力指数,Qind为压痕蠕变激活能。
针对不同的应力指数和激活能,提出了不同的蠕变机制。根据
图4
图4
Sanicro25钢的稳态蠕变速率与温度和应力的关系
Fig.4
Steady state creep rate of Sanicro25 steel as a function of temperature and stress (a) steady state creep rate-stress, (b) steady state creep rate-temperature
图5
图5
拉伸蠕变与转换后压痕蠕变速率-应力图
Fig.5
Tensile creep vs. corrected indentation creep rate-stress plot
2.3 压痕的形貌和组织
图6
图6
在温度为1073 K和压力为765 MPa条件下压痕的纵向激光共聚焦图与实测深度和计算机记录深度的对比
Fig. 6
Longitudinal laser confocal map of indentation at 1073 K-765 MPa vs. measured and computer-recorded depths (a) laser confocal, (b) measured depth vs. recorded depth
图6b给出了用共聚焦测出的实际压痕深度与计算机记录的压痕深度的对比。可以看出,实测的压痕深度普遍小于计算机记录的深度。其原因是,在常温下测量时金属的热胀冷缩使试样的体积缩减,但是相差不大。这表明,该设备的精度较高,测量误差较小。
图7a和图7b分别给出了在1073 K/765 MPa条件下压痕蠕变试样50倍和100倍放大倍率的光学显微组织。显微分析显示,压头下方的材料呈现出显著的区域化变形特征,黑色线区分三个特征区域的界面。其中区域1(压头正下方)表现为典型的"死区"形态,晶粒的几何形貌与原始组织基本上相同,未发生晶格畸变或位错结构演化,表明此区域主要承受静水压力。与其不同的是,区域2(过渡变形区)存在明显的塑性应变梯度分布,晶粒沿最大剪切应力方向发生择优取向,原始等轴晶粒压缩为椭球状,证实了位错滑移主导的塑性流动机制。区域3 (外围未变形区)则完整保留了材料的原始显微组织特征,其晶界形貌与晶粒尺寸分布与基体完全相同,印证了压痕塑性区范围是有限的。
图7
图7
Sanicro25钢在温度为1073 K和压力为765 MPa的条件下蠕变后的金相显微组织
Fig.7
Metallographic microstructure of Sanicro25 steel after creep at 1073 K-765 MPa
3 结论
(1) Sanicro25钢的稳态蠕变速率与加载应力符合幂率关系,其应力指数和激活能与单轴拉伸实验的结果吻合较好,表明可用局部压痕蠕变结果表征材料的蠕变行为。Sanicro25钢的压痕和拉伸数据的相关性较好,可用转换因子α和β将其关联。
(2) 试样表面材料的堆积与材料在压头底部形成完全塑性区域后沿压头方向的塑性流动有关。在压头下方形成了三个区域,过渡区(区域2)内的晶粒发生了明显的变形。
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