The changes of the macro- and micro- solidified structures of Al--15.7\%Si hypereutectic alloy were examined under various experimental conditions, and the influences of static and gradient magnetic fields with different amplitude and direction on the structures were investigated in details. It is found that not only the distribution of the primary crystal silicon but the structures and density of silicon framework of eutectic are different because of different magnetic parameters. The changes of the primary crystals distribution is due to the action of the Lorentz and magnetization forces caused by intense magnetic fields on the migratory behaviors of Si particles in the alloy matrix; and the forces can also change the convection phenomena during solidification to affect the solidified structures of alloy. The results indicate that it is possible to control the behaviors of reinforced particles in the metal matrix by using intense magnetic fields in the solidification process of metal matrix composites.

Powder flowability and effects of adding lubricant on the powder flowability, the alignment degree and the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnet have been studied. The results show that the main factor affecting powder flowability is the aggregation of powder particles while the powders are in incompact state and the friction between the powder particles while the powders are in compact state. The addition of lubricant with suitable dose can slightly prevent the aggregation of powders, obviously decrease the friction between the powder particles, improve the powder flowability, and increase the alignment degree, remanent magnetization and energy product density of sintered magnets. By adding suitable lubricant dose and adopting rubber isostatic pressing (RIP), we have succeeded in mass producing the sintered NdFeB magnet with high hard magnetic properties of $B_{\rm r}$=1.457 T, $_{\rm j}H_{\rm c}$=1148 kA/m(14.43 kOe), $(BH)_{\rm max}$ = 408 kJ/m$^{3}$(51.3 MGOe).

Diamond--like carbon (DLC) films were prepared on Si(100) substrates by combining plasma source ion implantation and electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. Confocal Raman spectra confirmed the DLC characteristics of the films. The surface roughness of the films was measured with an atomic force microscope. The CERT microtribometer system was employed to obtain information about the scratch resistance, friction properties, and sliding wear resistance of the films. The condition of wear was checked by a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the adherent strength between DLC films and substrates was improved by plasma source ion implantation, and the films had low friction coefficient (0.1$\sim$0.15) and good wear--resistant performance.

A finite element analysis of current distribution over three-dimensional networks grid and plate in lead--acid batteries is presented. Calculated results showed that the current distribution over three--dimensional networks is more uniform than that over general grid and plate of lead--acid battery. The effects of shape and locating position on current distribution over three-dimensional networks were great. Calculated results showed that a more uniform electrical current distribution over 3--D networks can be obtained when the tabs of plate are interlayer, especially when the tab interlayer is in thickness direction and similar to sandwich structure.

Nd was added to AM50 magnesium alloys to study the microstructure, mechanical properties and creep resistance properties. The specimens were heated at 420℃ for 12 h followed by quenching, and the results show that addition of small amount of Nd to AM50 magnesium alloys resulted in the refinement of grain.The RT trengthening mechanism of alloys containing Nd was mainly from the fine grain strengthening. Nd in AM50 exists in the form of Al$_{11}$Nd$_{3}$ that is thermal stable phase. Due to the existing of Al$_{11}$Nd$_{3}$, the steady state creep rate decreased greatly at the temperature 200℃ and the elevated temperature mechanical property (150℃) were increased.

3D--meshy SiC/Cu metal matrix composite was fabricated by squeeze casting process. The influence of process conditions on solidification microstructure of the composites was studied. The results showed that 3D--meshy SiC ceramic skeleton played an important role during the solidification of the matrix and the course of crystal growth and crystallization. Under the certain conditions, the dendrites perpendicular to skeleton surface appeared, and the fine and even equiaxed grains structure formed. The influence of skeleton apertures on microstructure was very remarkable. The fine apertures were benefit to grain refining and structure uniformity, while big apertures were apt to produce macroscopic segregation and concentration of plumbum. The tin inverse segregation was lightened for the SiC skeleton, because tin was gathered in a very narrow region near the surface of skeleton, which avoided tin mass segregation in the surface layer of the cast.

Metal--organic thin films (Ag--TCNQ) were prepared by successive vacuum evaporation of Ag and TCNQ. The tracer method, with Cu as tracers,was established and used to investigate the diffusion behavior in Ag--TCNQ complex because Cu exhibits the same properties as Ag when reacting with TCNQ. The depth profiles of the thin films were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). SIMS analysis showed that there exist ion exchange between Cu and Ag, which is different from the clear interface between Cu and Ag in the metal films. The diffusion mechanism in Ag--TCNQ thin film is silver diffusion accompanying with ion exchange.

SiC foam conductive ceramic with 3D reticulate structure was used as carrier of catalyst for purifying CO and HC of diesel exhaust. The process of gas passing through foam ceramic was simulated, and the effects of electric power, pulse duty cycle on conversion of HC and CO and the character of light-off temperature with electrical heating were investigated. The result showed that the 3D reticulate structure of foam ceramic could increase the contact chance of gases with carrier, and the electrical heating could increase the temperature of inlet gas, so the conversions of HC and CO were improved at lower temperature. The pulse current had stronger ability of heating than continuous current, and the capacity of heating enhanced with the decrease of pulse duty cycle.

The super--hard nanocomposite films of Ti--Si--N were prepared by direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) on strain--less steel substrate. Dependence of Si content and annealing at elevated temperatures on the microstructure and hardness of Ti--Si--N coatings were investigated. The results showed that plastic hardness increased with increasing the Si content and then decreased in these films. The maximum value hardness of exceeding 70 GPa can be achieved. Furthermore, the films show a superiority thermal stability. To as--received coatings of 4 nm crystallite size, the microhradness and crystallite size remain stable even at 1000℃. it was found that recrystallization temperature mainly depends on crystallite size of as--received films. The possible origin of high thermal stability of superhard nanocomposite was discussed. The results are explained by spinodal decomposition that occurs during deposition.

Based on crystalline plasticity slip and strain hardening model, a rate-independent polycrystalline plasticity model was developed and introduced into finite element method. A “successive integration method” was firstly applied to the calculation of the plastic strain in large deformation analysis. By this method, it is easily to distinguish different resolved shear stresses and shear strain rate in different slip systems. The orientation distribution function is discretized by normal distribution function, and every FE integration points represent one crystal. Flanging earing tendencies with different initial orientations were discussed and verified by experiments. \{123\}$\langle$634$\rangle$ texture can lead to earing at 45$^{\circ}$ direction, while the \{100\}$\langle$001$\rangle$ texture at 0$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ directions. For the annealing aluminum sheet, the flange earing tendency is not obvious due to the balance between two main textures.

AM50 magnesium alloy was adopted as master alloy, and 1\%, 2\% and 3\% Si additions were added, respectively. The influence of Si on the microstructure, mechanical and creep properties of AM50--$x$Si alloys was investigated. 0.3\% Ca was added to fine Mg$_{2}$Si. The results show that the addition of small amount of Ca to AM50--$x$Si alloys resulted in refinement of microstructure. Morphology of the Mg$_{2}$Si phases changed from coarse Chinese script shape to the fine polygonal shape. The mechanical properties of alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures increased. The high temperature creep resistant properties of alloys increased with increasing Si content.

Al$^{3+}$ doped silica gel adsorptive materials were obtained by treating ceramic fiber matrix with sequential impregnation of aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na$_{2}$SiO$_{3}$), aluminum salt etc. FTIR spectra, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X--ray spectrometer analysis indicate the existence and percentage of doping Al$^{3+}$ in the adsorptive materials. According to the results from porous medium surface area analyzer, several percent Al$^{3+}$ doping leads to the increase of BET surface area and total pore volume ,which raises active sites for adsorption, and influences pore size and distribution on the surface of silica gel, so the adsorbing capacities of Al$^{3+}$ doped silica gel are improved. The formation of the bond of Al--O--Si (Al$^{3+}$ doping) results in the increase of supporting power and heat conductivity of pore framework of adsorptive materials, therefore, heat resisting property, tensile strength and burst index of Al$^{3+}$ doped silica gel have been markedly enhanced.

By use of the molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics combined method (MD/QM method), the mechanical properties of compressed C$_{n}$ ($n$=20, 60, 80, 180) and endohedral $M$@C$_{60}$ ($M$=Na, Al, Fe) fullerene molecules are investigated. According to the calculated results, differences of the mechanical properties of the compressed C$_{20}$, C$_{60}$, C$_{80}$, C$_{180}$ and $M$@C$_{60}$ ($M$=Na, Al, Fe) are discussed as well. The results show that, (1) compressed fullerene molecules take on outstanding mechanical properties; (2) the bigger the magic number $n$ for an empty fullerene is, the higher its load support capability $F_{\rm max}$ and stiffness are, but the lower its invalidation strain $l_{\rm i}$ is; (3) all the $M$@C$_{60}$ molecules have higher support capability $F_{\rm max}$ and invalidation strain $l_{\rm i}$ than empty C$_{60}$ molecule.

In order to decrease the room-temperature resistivity of PTC materials, Ni/BaTiO$_{3}$ composite was synthesized by decomposition of NiC$_{2}$O$_{4}\cdot$2H$_{2}$O/BaTiO$_{3}$ precursor, which was prepared by precipitating nickel oxalate into BaTiO$_{3}$ suspension. Structure and property of the composite were investigated. The results showed that the composite has a porous and uniform structure. Nickel was dispersed in grain boundary and cavity in the form of fine particles. Oxidation of nickel would induce high room--temperature resisitivity and spoil PTC effect. It can be avoided by protection of graphite during sintering. The sintered composite has a very low room--temperature resistivity and little PTC effect. With the absorption of oxygen in grain boundary, PTC effect of the Ni/BaTiO$_{3}$ composite can be effectively renewed by heat--treatment in air. The porose structure and the fine dispersal of nickel were in favor of the renewing of PTC effect.

The yield criterion for porous materials during rolling is proposed based on the concept of “the materials begin to yield when the apparent strain energy approaches to a critical value”. The relationships between thickness strain and relative density, thickness strain and longitudinal strain, plastic Poisson ratio and relative density, relative density and thickness stress during rolling are derived according to the mass conservation law. The theoretical predictions show a good agreement with the experimental results of FVS0812 heat resistant porous aluminium alloy prepared by spray deposition technology.

The nonlinear optical effect of metal cluster compound W$_{2}$Ag$_{4}$S$_{8}$(dppf)$_{2}$ was investigated using frequency--doubled, Q--switched Nd--YAG pulse laser system with wavelength of 532 nm and pulse width of 8 ns. The cluster W$_{2}$Ag$_{4}$S$_{8}$(dppf)$_{2}$ possessed reverse saturation absorption and self--focusing refraction. The nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of the cluster W$_{2}$Ag$_{4}$S$_{8}$(dppf)$_{2}$ were explained with excited--state theory. The theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental data. The ratio of cross--section of the absorption of the excited--state to that of the ground--state $K_{\rm a}$ and the ratio of refraction volumes of the excited--state to that of the ground--state $K_{\rm r}$ were gained based on their simulation of numerical value. The effective third--order susceptibility $\chi^{(3)}$ was determined for the cluster. The experiment results show that the cluster W$_{2}$Ag$_{4}$S$_{8}$(dppf)$_{2}$ has good optical limiting character for nanometer pulse.