镀锌紧固件表面有机-无机复合转化膜的制备和性能
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Preparation and Property of High-performance Organic-inorganic Composite Conversion Film for Galvanized Fasteners
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通讯作者: 李庆鹏,讲师,qpli001@163.com,研究方向为环保化防护技术
收稿日期: 2025-09-16 修回日期: 2026-03-24
Corresponding authors: LI Qingpeng, Tel:
Received: 2025-09-16 Revised: 2026-03-24
作者简介 About authors
李庆鹏,男,1984年生,博士
将KH-550 (3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷)和KH-560 (3-(2,3-环氧丙氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷)按1∶1混合水解成有机组分,使KOH/NaOH与SiO2反应生成无机组分K2SiO3/Na2SiO3溶液(并改变较优硅酸盐含量调整无机组分模数),将有机组分与无机组分按9∶1~1∶9复配成一种有机-无机转化液并将镀锌紧固件浸入其中,转化液粘附在紧固件的表面固化后形成有机-无机转化膜。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、铅笔硬度测试、极化曲线测试等手段表征其形貌、成分、机械性能和耐蚀性能。结果表明:M3(9∶1)转化膜表面清洁完整,机械性能良好、耐腐蚀性能优异。膜层结构致密均匀与基体结合紧密,具有优异的物理屏蔽性能。
关键词:
Novel organic-inorganic composite conversion liquids were designed and prepared, aiming to address troubles related with the yellowing and inadequate corrosion resistance of the silane film for galvanized fasteners. First, KH-550 (3-amino propyl triethoxy silane) and KH-560 (3-(2,3-epoxy propoxyoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane) were mixed and hydrolyzed to get organic component, and two series liquid silicates K2SiO3 and Na2SiO3 were prepared by reaction of KOH and NaOH with SiO2 of varying proportion to get silicates of different modulus respectively as inorganic component. Next the novel composite organic-inorganic conversion liquids were obtained by compounding the organic component with the two series inorganic components at 9:1-1:9 respectively. Further, galvanized fasteners were immersed in the liquids for 30-60 s, subsequent dried, and cured at 80-120 oC for 10 min and followed at 180-200 oC for 30 min, thereby, an organic-inorganic conversion film is formed on the galvanized fasteners. The storage stability of the conversion solution and the yellowing resistance of the conversion film were evaluated by macroscopic observation. Results of neutral salt spray testing and copper sulfate titration testing reveal that the corrosion resistance of the potassium silicate containing conversion films was superior to the sodium silicate containing conversion films. The corrosion resistance of conversion films with varying proportion of organic component was assessed by the forementioned way (note, by taking M1(9:1) as an example, herewith M1 presents modulus 1 and 9:1 presents the ratio of the two components). Besides, the corrosion resistance of conversion films prepared with conversion liquids composed of varying proportion of organic component to potassium silicate series of different modulus was assessed by the forementioned way. Meanwhile, the morphology, composition, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the conversion film, which presents the best corrosion resistance were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy spectroscopy, pencil hardness tester, and polarization curve test. The results showed that the prepared films M1(9:1), M1(8:2), M1(7:3), M1(1:9), M2(9:1), M2(8:2) and M3(9:1) all showed a clear and transparent state, without delamination or gel, showing good storage stability. After 72 h salt spray test, the surface of the M3(9:1) conversion film remained intact and clean, without any white rust or red rust, showing the best corrosion resistance. The film is transparent, eliminating the yellowing phenomenon of traditional silane films. SEM observation showed that the film was compact and uniform, tightly bound to the matrix, and had excellent physical shielding performance. The results of the pencil hardness test and adhesion test further confirm that the film has good mechanical properties.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
李庆鹏, 安晓云, 尚颖, 刘佳兴, 栾钧涵, 李永智, 王娜.
LI Qingpeng, AN Xiaoyun, SHANG Ying, LIU Jiaxing, LUAN Junhan, LI Yongzhi, WANG Na.
特定的硅烷处理可提高对金属基材的防护性能。KH-560为电镀锌汽车钢板提供了良好的临时保护[6]。进行硅烷化处理在Mg-Gd-Y稀土镁合金表面制备硅烷膜,可提高其耐蚀性能[7]。在KH-560成膜时掺杂硝酸铈、纳米Al2O3,可提高镁合金表面的耐蚀性[8]。在镀锌钢表面制备的BTSEPT-VTES双层硅烷膜或硅烷-铈盐复合膜,其耐蚀性能显著优于单层硅烷膜[9]。在KH560和KH602中加入无机组分,可制备出综合性能优异的无铬有机-无机复合转化膜[10]。采用双组分硅烷复合水解技术可在镀锌紧固件表面制备双硅烷转化膜,使紧固件的耐蚀性显著提高[11]。但是,用这种双硅烷转化液处理后的镀锌紧固件长期暴露于空气或紫外线辐照后膜层中,有机组分易氧化或发生光降解使色泽发生显著的变化。同时,高温、高湿等严苛环境会加速膜层老化和生成黄色或棕色氧化物,影响其外观和应用性能。因此,亟需开发一种组分稳定的新型转化液(膜)体系,使制备出的转化膜抗黄变性能优异,在不降低转化液稳定性的前提下显著提高转化膜的抗氧化性能。
有机硅烷水解时与水反应生成硅氧烷(Si-O-Si结构)[12],其数量与硅酸盐的模数有关。在硅烷水解体系中引入硅酸盐,可调节反应体系的pH值并形成稳定的硅氧烷网络结构[13]。硅酸盐作为无机硅源与膜层中的硅烷链发生反应,可增强硅氧链(Si-O)骨架结构而使转化膜的化学稳定性和耐候性显著提高,降低环境因素诱发的黄变倾向[14]。同时,硅酸盐良好的吸湿性能可降低膜层内的湿度和延缓膜层的老化和抑制水分引起的化学反应[15]。同时,硅酸盐的引入能优化膜的微观结构提高其致密度,进而降低气体分子(如氧气)和水分的渗透而避免外部环境侵蚀引起的变色。尤为重要的是,硅酸盐可提高膜层的抗氧化性能和降低其中有机组分的氧化反应速率,进一步抑制黄变。本文通过改变硅酸钾/硅酸钠及较优者模数在镀锌紧固件表面制备有机-无机复合转化膜并研究其性能。
1 实验方法
1.1 实验用材料
硅烷偶联剂KH560,工业级;硅烷偶联剂KH550,工业级;无水乙醇、氯化钠、去离子水、乙酸、硫酸铜、硅酸钾、硅酸钠、二氧化硅。镀锌板(2 mm ×50 mm × 50 mm)、镀锌紧固件(ϕ = 10 mm)、乳化剂OP-10、有机硅消泡剂,增稠剂。
1.2 在镀锌紧固件上制备有机-无机复合硅烷转化膜
将100 g KH550、100 g KH560、120 g乙醇、OP-10 1 g/L、消泡剂0.5 g/L、增稠剂0.7 g/L和680 g去离子水依次加入烧杯中,在室温下以500 r/min的转速搅拌3~5 h,然后用乙酸调节pH值至8,搅拌0.5 h制成复合硅烷水解液。
将28.57 g NaOH和21.43 g SiO2粉末加到盛有1 L去离子水的烧杯中,将其加热到60 ℃后以500 r/min的转速搅拌2 h使试剂充分反应形成均匀透明、质量分数为5%、模数为1的硅酸钠溶液(硅酸钠模数(M)为溶液中SiO2与Na2O的摩尔比)。
将32.56 (24.13、19.18、15.96) g KOH和17.44 (25.86、30.82、34.09) g SiO2粉末加到盛有1 L去离子水的烧杯中,将其加热到60 ℃后以500 r/min的转速均匀搅拌2 h,试剂充分反应形成均匀透明的溶液,制备出质量分数为5%、模数分别为1、2、3、4的硅酸钾溶液(硅酸钾模数(M)为溶液中SiO2与K2O的摩尔比)。
将适量的质量分数为5%硅酸钾溶液和硅酸钠溶液缓慢加入到复合硅烷水解液中配制成200 mL混合溶液,将其在室温以500 r/min的转速搅拌2 h以促进有机-无机组分充分交联和络合成混合液。将混合液静置熟化24 h后得到硅酸钾/硅酸钠溶液与复合硅烷水解液之比分别为9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7、2∶8、1∶9的有机-无机复合转化液。
将镀锌紧固件或镀锌板放入无水乙醇中超声除油,烘干后浸入有机-无机复合转化液中30~60 s,取出后放入离心筐中离心15~30 s,然后将其先后在80~120 ℃固化10 min和在180~200 ℃固化30 min,得到复合硅烷转化膜。
1.3 性能表征
贮存稳定性的测试:将制备好的有机-无机复合转化液放入样品瓶中密封保存,每30 d观察一次水解液流动情况。根据GB 437-1993对样品进行硫酸铜点滴测试。点滴溶液的组成:硫酸铜41 g/L,氯化钠35 g/L,盐酸13 mL/L。用脱脂棉蘸用适量的无水乙醇擦拭转化膜表面,待无水乙醇完全挥发后将硫酸铜溶液点滴在转化膜的表面,观察膜层表面溶液的变黑时间。测试每个试样4个点的变色时间取其平均值。
耐腐蚀性能的测试:使用HDYW-120型号中性盐雾(NSS)箱根据GB/T 10125-2012采用连续喷雾方式测试样品的耐腐蚀性能。实验温度为(35 ± 2) ℃,腐蚀介质为雾状5% (质量分数) NaCl溶液,pH值为6.5~7.2。也可进行硫酸铜点滴实验,评价膜层的耐腐蚀性能。
转化膜附着力的测试:用美工刀在转化膜表面划格,达到锌层表面,用SCOYCH-600型透明胶带粘贴工作区并用力撕拉,观察漆膜表面剥离的面积所占比例,参照GB/T 9286-1998对测试结果分级。
使用XL-30FEG场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)并辅以能谱仪(EDS)观察镀锌紧固件表面、截面的形貌和分析转化膜的元素。
使用PGSTAT302N型电化学工作站测试涂层的动电位极化曲线,扫描速率为1 mV/s,三电极体系的参比电极为饱和甘汞电极,辅助电极为Pt片,涂层为研究电极,电极面积为1 cm2,腐蚀介质为3.5% NaCl溶液。
膜层硬度测试:使用QHQ-A型铅笔硬度计根据GB/T 6739-2022测试转化膜的硬度。
2 结果和讨论
2.1 硅酸盐对转化液贮存稳定性的影响
图1给出了用不同比例的K₂SiO₃溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后照片。可以看出,硅烷水解液占比为10%~30%时,复合转化液澄清和透明。随着硅烷水解液比例的提高,复合转化溶液出现凝胶现象。但是,硅烷水解液占比达到90%时复合转化液再次变得澄清透明。其原因可能是:硅烷水解液的比例(10%~30%)较低时,K2SiO3提供的碱性环境和K+抑制了硅烷水解产物的缩合,静电排斥使溶液稳定;随着硅烷水解液比例的提高硅羟基(Si-OH)浓度提高,使其缩合形成Si-O-Si键引发凝胶化;而比例为90%时溶液恢复透明,可能是pH值和离子强度的变化使小分子簇或胶束结构形成,或者是有机基团的立体位阻效应抑制了交联反应。
图1
图1
不同比例的K2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后的照片
Fig.1
Photographs of the composite conversion solution prepared by different proportions of K2SiO3 solution/silane hydrolysate after storage for 180 d
图2给出了用不同比例的Na2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后的照片。贮存稳定性规律与K2SiO3体系相似,但是也有不同:硅烷水解液的占比为40%、50%和80%时,虽然复合转化液也发生凝胶化,但是凝胶体呈透明状。出现这种透明凝胶状态可能是在凝胶过程中产生的二氧化硅颗粒尺寸或形态不同所致。
图2
图2
不同比例的Na2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后的照片
Fig.2
Photographs of the composite conversion solution prepared by different proportions of Na2SiO3 solution/silane hydrolysate after storage for 180 d
基于上述贮存稳定性评估结果,筛选出8种长期稳定性良好的配方:K2SiO3-硅烷复合转化液(比例为9∶1、8∶2、7∶3和1∶9)以及Na2SiO3-硅烷复合转化液(比例为9∶1、8∶2、7∶3和1∶9),并表征对比转化膜的黄变和耐蚀性能。
2.2 硅酸盐对转化膜黄变的影响
膜层黄变是指膜层(如涂料膜、转化膜、塑料薄膜等)表面或内部的颜色变黄。图3给出了用不同比例的K2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化膜的宏观形貌。可以看出,复合转化液的比例为9∶1、8∶2和7∶3的转化膜平整光滑,且不发生黄变。其原因可能是,硅酸钾中的K+与氨基(-NH2)形成弱配位键屏蔽了氨基的活性位点,减少了其与氧气的接触;同时,硅酸盐的碱性环境使氨基保持去质子化状态(-NH-),降低了其被氧化为亚硝基(-NO)或硝基(-NO2)的可能性,从而抑制了黄变的发生。但是,复合转化液比例为1∶9的膜层发生明显的黄变。其原因可能是,过低的硅酸钾溶液占比(仅10%)使水解产生的K⁺浓度过低,难以维持氨基的去质子化状态。
图3
图3
不同比例的K2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化膜的宏观形貌
Fig.3
Macroscopic morphology of composite conversion membranes prepared by different proportions of K2SiO3 solution/silane hydrolysate
图4给出了用不同比例Na2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化膜的宏观形貌。可以看出,比例为9∶1、8∶2和7∶3的转化膜不发生黄变;而比例为1∶9的膜层出现了明显的黄变。其黄变机制,与K2SiO3体系类似。实验结果表明,添加硅酸钾或硅酸钠可抑制转化膜的黄变。
图4
图4
不同比例的Na2SiO3溶液/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化膜的宏观形貌
Fig.4
Macroscopic morphology of composite conversion membranes prepared by different proportions of Na2SiO3 solution/silane hydrolysate
2.3 硅酸盐对转化膜耐蚀性的影响
可进行硫酸铜点滴实验评价膜层耐腐蚀性能。测量硫酸铜溶液滴加在样品表面至开始变黑的时间,间接表征膜层的耐腐蚀性能。表1分别列出了用不同比例/不同硅酸盐制备的有机-无机复合转化膜的硫酸铜点滴实验结果。可以看出,未经处理的镀锌紧固件(空白对照组)滴加硫酸铜溶液1.25 s后即开始变黑;用复合转化液处理的样品其变黑时间显著延长,表明有机-无机复合转化膜可防镀锌层腐蚀。耐蚀性的对比结果表明,K2SiO3与硅烷水解液的比例为7∶3的样品其耐蚀性能最优,硫酸铜点滴耐受时间达到21.25 s,比空白样提高了16倍。该结果有力地证明,适当比例的有机-无机组分复配可显著提高转化膜的耐腐蚀性能。
表1 不同比例/不同硅酸盐制备的有机-无机复合转化膜的耐硫酸铜滴定时间
Table 1
| Na2SiO3-type composite silane film | K2SiO3-type composite silane film | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bits of time / s | Average time / s | Bits of time / s | Average time / s | |
| 9:1 | 5 | 4.5 | 10 | 10 |
| 5 | 13 | |||
| 4 | 8 | |||
| 4 | 9 | |||
| 8:2 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 15 |
| 8 | 16 | |||
| 7 | 14 | |||
| 8 | 15 | |||
| 7:3 | 15 | 14.75 | 20 | 21.25 |
| 17 | 22 | |||
| 14 | 22 | |||
| 13 | 21 | |||
图5
图5
紧固件空白样与不同硅酸盐/硅烷水解液比例制备的复合转化膜在5%NaCl中性盐雾中72 h试验图
Fig.5
Experimental diagram of a composite conversion membrane prepared by blank fastener samples and different silicate/silane hydrolysate ratios under 5%NaCl neutral salt spray for 72 h
图5b~d分别给出了用不同K2SiO3/硅烷水解液比例制备的复合转化膜处理后样品的形貌。可以看出,随着硅烷水解液比例的降低(即K2SiO3比例升高)转化膜的防护效果随之降低。用三种比例的复合转化膜处理的镀锌紧固件,其表面都出现了大量白锈。硅烷水解液占比为30% (即K2SiO3∶硅烷=7∶3)时,紧固件表面产生的白锈最少,表明此比例的转化膜与镀锌层的协调防护性能较优。
图5e~g给出了用不同Na2SiO3/硅烷水解液比例制备的复合转化膜处理后的样品。观察发现,不同比例的Na2SiO3基复合转化膜的防护效果都比较差,但是没有明显的规律性。镀锌紧固件表面的白锈较少,主要原因是腐蚀产物(白锈)结构疏松,在实验过程中大部分脱落。这表明,以Na2SiO3为无机盐制备的复合转化膜表面产生白锈且与基底的结合力较弱,不能保护基体。
2.4 硅酸钾模数对转化液贮存稳定性的影响
硅酸钾溶液的贮存稳定性与其模数密切相关。在60 ℃制备的模数分别为2.0、3.0和4.0的硅酸钾溶液,M1、M2、M3在室温贮存180 d后流动性良好,表明其长期稳定性优异。M4明显凝胶化而失去了流动性。其原因是,溶液中的可溶性硅酸根离子发生脱水缩合反应形成了三维网络状硅氧骨架结构(-Si-O-Si-)。网络结构包裹了大量水分子,使体系失去流动性而形成凝胶。这一结果表明,在保证转化膜性能的前提下,硅酸钾模数应该在适当范围内以确保溶液的长期稳定性。
图6
图6
不同比例的M2/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后的照片
Fig.6
Photographs of the composite conversion solution prepared by different ratios of M2/silane hydrolysate after storage for 180 d
图7
图7
不同比例的M3/硅烷水解液制备的复合转化液贮存180 d后的照片
Fig.7
Photographs of the composite conversion solution prepared by different ratios of M3/silane hydrolysate after storage for 180 d
2.5 硅酸钾模数对转化膜耐蚀性的影响
图8
图8
紧固件空白样和不同复合转化膜在5%NaCl中性盐雾中72 h试验图
Fig.8
Experimental diagram of a composite conversion membrane prepared by blank fastener samples and different silicate/silane hydrolysate ratios under 5%NaCl neutral salt spray for 72 h
在M1系列中,随着硅烷水解液比例的降低(即K2SiO3比例升高)转化膜的防护效果逐渐变差。在M1(7∶3)(图8d)表面虽无红锈但是出现了明显的白锈,表明低模数硅酸钾与较高比例硅烷组合生成的保护膜其结构有严重的缺陷,难以阻隔腐蚀介质的渗透。在M2系列样品中,M2(9∶1)(图8e)在螺帽下部区域出现了褐色锈蚀,而M2(8∶2)(图8f)虽然整体较好,但是局部出现腐蚀痕迹。这表明,即使优化配比,模数为2的硅酸钾生成的保护膜其耐蚀性能仍然不高。相比之下,M3(9∶1)样品(图8g)表面完整清洁,没有生成白锈或红锈,表明其耐蚀性能最好。其原因是,高模数硅酸钾(M = 3)水解生成的纳米SiO2颗粒与硅烷自组装形成的有机网络构建了致密互穿结构。这种结构填充了镀锌层表面的微孔和划痕等缺陷,阻断了Cl-、H2O等腐蚀介质对基体的侵蚀。
2.6 M3(9∶1)转化膜的性能
图9对比了M3(9∶1)复合转化膜与纯硅烷转化膜的宏观形貌。可以看出,M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的表面透明度良好,没有出现黄变;而纯硅烷转化膜则出现明显的黄色。其原因是,硅酸钾水解产生的K+与SiO
图9
图9
硅烷转化膜与M3(9:1)复合转化膜的宏观形貌对比
Fig.9
Macroscopic morphology of composite conversion membranes prepared by different proportions of K2SiO3 solution/silane hydrolysate (a) silane film, (b) M3(9:1)
图10a,b分别给出了未处理的镀锌螺帽基体与用M3(9∶1)复合转化液处理的表面SEM形貌的对比。可以看出,在未处理的基体表面有大量明显的划痕和不规则坑洞,整体显著粗糙和表面不均匀。经复合转化液处理后表面平整光滑,划痕几乎完全消失,坑洞数量显著减少且分布均匀,形成了连续完整的表面结构。这表明,M3(9∶1)复合转化膜能填充基体表面的微观缺陷并形成均匀致密的保护层。
图10
图10
镀锌板空白样和M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的表面SEM形貌
Fig.10
Surface SEM morphology (a) galvanized sheet blank sample, (b) M3(9:1) composite conversion coating
图11
图11
M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的截面SEM形貌和EDS图像
Fig.11
Cross-sectional SEM morphology and EDS images of M3(9:1) composite conversion coating
铅笔硬度测试结果表明,转化膜的膜层硬度达到9 H。
图12给出了用百格法测试转化膜附着力的结果。可以看出,在划格区域交叉切割边缘处,转化膜层出现微量脱落,总面积小于5%。根据GB/T 9286-1998,这种膜层的附着力等级达到1级,表明其机械性能优异。
图12
图12
M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的附着力测试
Fig.12
Adhesion test of M3(9:1) composite conversion coating
图13
图13
镀锌板空白样和M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的Tafel极化曲线
Fig.13
Tafel polarization curves of galvanized sheet blank sample and M3(9:1) composite conversion coating
表2 镀锌板空白样和M3(9∶1)复合转化膜的动电位极化曲线拟合数据
Table 2
| Sample | φcorr / V | jcorr /A·cm-2 | Rp / Ω·cm2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blank sample | -1.095 | 6.227 × 10-5 | 9.542 × 103 |
| M3(9:1) | -0.980 | 8.639 × 10-5 | 8.419 × 103 |
2.7 硅酸盐解决黄变的机理
图14
图14
复合转化膜的黄变及其抑制机理示意图
Fig.14
Schematic diagram of yellowing generation and inhibition mechanism of composite transformation film membranes
因此,高模数硅酸钾复合转化膜的耐蚀性源于:(1) 更致密的微观结构和更高的晶粒细化度;(2) 更稳定的化学组成和更丰富的缓蚀物质;(3) 与基体间更强的化学键合和机械锚固。
3 结论
(1) 硅酸盐可消除硅烷膜的黄变,K2SiO3型转化膜的耐蚀性优于Na2SiO3型转化膜。
(2) M1(9∶1)、M1(8∶2)、M1(7∶3)、M1(1∶9)、M2(9∶1)、M2(8∶2)、M3(9∶1)转化液呈现澄清、透明状态,不发生分层凝胶而保持良好的流动性和加工性能。
(3) M3(9∶1)复合转化膜比未处理镀锌板的表面惰性和耐蚀性提高;这种复合转化膜不影响紧固件的装配精度;硬度达到9 H级别、附着力达到1级标准的复合转化膜使镀锌板的结构具有较高的稳定性和耐久性。
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