材料研究学报, 2026, 40(7): 481-496 DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2025.262

研究论文

FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金力学性能的优化和高压强化机制

包方玄1,2, 宫明龙,1,2, 刘恩瑞1,2, 刘凤芳2, 白静1,2, 高秋志1,2

1.东北大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110819

2.东北大学秦皇岛分校资源与材料学院 秦皇岛 066004

Optimization of Mechanical Properties and High-pressure Strengthening Mechanism of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x High Entropy Alloys

BAO Fangxuan1,2, GONG Minglong,1,2, LIU Enrui1,2, LIU Fengfang2, BAI Jing1,2, GAO Qiuzhi1,2

1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

2.School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China

通讯作者: 宫明龙,副教授,gongminglong@qhd.neu.edu.cn,研究方向为高熵合金

责任编辑: 黄青

收稿日期: 2025-08-28   修回日期: 2026-03-25  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(52471004)

Corresponding authors: GONG Minglong, Tel: 15230357760, E-mail:gongminglong@qhd.neu.edu.cn

Received: 2025-08-28   Revised: 2026-03-25  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52471004)

作者简介 About authors

包方玄,男,1999年生,硕士

摘要

应用第一性原理计算研究了Si含量和压力影响FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)高熵合金的相结构和力学性能的机制。基于高熵合金多主元成相准则计算相关参数,评估了结构稳定性。结果表明:这种合金具有FCC固溶体和金属间化合物多相结构;随着Si含量的提高FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的晶格常数增大而密度降低、弹性模量(B, G, E)减小,B/G和泊松比先减小后增大,表明高Si含量能够改善合金的韧性,并降低脆断的倾向;对生成热的分析结果表明,Si元素能提高这种合金的热力学和体系稳定性。在高压(0~100 GPa)下FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的晶格常数减小和密度提高、变形抗力增大且压力诱导各向异性减弱并趋于各向同性,屈服强度随着压力的提高而提高,且其综合力学性能优异。

关键词: 金属材料; 高熵合金; 第一性原理; 压力; 晶体结构; 力学性能

Abstract

First-principles calculations were used to investigate the effects of Si content and pressure on the phase structures and mechanical properties of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) high entropy alloys. Structural stability was evaluated by calculating relevant parameters based on the multicomponent phase formation criteria for high entropy alloys. The results show that the alloys exhibit a multiphase structure consisting of an FCC solid solution and intermetallic compounds. With increasing Si content, the FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys exhibit increased lattice constants, decreased density, and reduced elastic moduli (B, G, and E). The B/G ratio and Poisson's ratio initially decrease and then increase, indicating that the ductility initially decreases and subsequently improves with increasing Si content, while high Si contents reduce the tendency toward brittle fracture. Heat of formation analysis reveals that Si enhances the thermodynamic stability of the alloy system. Under pressures ranging from 0 to 100 GPa, FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy exhibits a reduced lattice constant, increased density, enhanced deformation resistance, and weakened pressure-induced elastic anisotropy approaching isotropic behavior. The yield strength increases with increasing pressure, and the alloy exhibits excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.

Keywords: metallic materials; high entropy alloy; first-principles; pressure; crystal structure; mechanical properties

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本文引用格式

包方玄, 宫明龙, 刘恩瑞, 刘凤芳, 白静, 高秋志. FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金力学性能的优化和高压强化机制[J]. 材料研究学报, 2026, 40(7): 481-496 DOI:10.11901/1005.3093.2025.262

BAO Fangxuan, GONG Minglong, LIU Enrui, LIU Fengfang, BAI Jing, GAO Qiuzhi. Optimization of Mechanical Properties and High-pressure Strengthening Mechanism of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x High Entropy Alloys[J]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2026, 40(7): 481-496 DOI:10.11901/1005.3093.2025.262

高熵合金具有多主元特性和优异的性能,在极端环境领域有极大的应用潜力[1~3]。调控合金的元素组成优化其力学性能,已成为研究的焦点,添加合金元素可调控其相结构[4~8]。实验结果表明,添加Ti[9]或Zr[10]等元素产生固溶沉淀硬化可使基体强化和提高耐磨性;而添加Cu[11,12]或Mn[13,14]等元素则能促进面心立方(FCC)相的生成,使材料的延展性提高。但是,传统的实验方法研发周期长和成本较高。采用第一性原理计算可提高研究效率。Gao等[15]系统研究了Ti、Ta元素对NbMoTaTiV合金室温韧性的影响。对比超胞(SC)、特殊准随机结构(SQS)和虚拟晶体近似(VCA)三种建模方法发现,用VCA方法预测弹性性能兼具计算效率和精度优势,是设计多组元合金的有效工具。随着Al含量的提高高熵合金的晶体结构逐渐从单一FCC相转变为FCC+体心立方(BCC)混合相,最终形成单一的BCC相。VCA计算结果表明,合金抵抗体积变形、剪切变形和弹性变形的能力增强,这一变化趋势与实验结果一致[16];随着Sc含量的提高(当Sc < 0.7时),高熵合金保持稳定的BCC相。但是,当Sc > 0.7时高熵合金倾向于向FCC或密排六方(HCP)结构转变。VCA计算表明,高熵合金的韧性和塑性变形性能随着Sc增量显著提高[17];而VCA预测,V元素的引入使剪切模量减小和脆性提高[18]。这些计算结果,验证了VCA方法预测高熵合金性能的可靠性并揭示了不同元素对合金的相结构和力学性能的影响。

当前对高熵合金的研究主要集中在金属元素影响其性能的机制,而对非金属元素(如Si、B)的微观作用机理缺少系统的了解。作为传统合金强化的关键元素,Si和B独特的原子特性(如低密度、原子尺寸效应)有显著的结构调控潜力:Si元素能促进BCC相稳定化、诱导金属硅化物沉淀和晶界钉扎效应实现多尺度强化,为开发应用于极端环境的磁性材料提供了新思路[19~21];B元素具有高扩散系数和较小的原子半径,在相变过程中优先占据晶界/间隙位点,通过细化晶粒和抑制位错滑移使耐磨性和抗压强度显著提高[22,23]。虽然Si和B的强化效应已在一些高熵合金[24~27]中得到验证,当前的研究仍有显著的不足:(1) 对Si/B比例协同调控及其对固溶体稳定性影响的机制缺少系统认知;(2) 对Si/B比例精细调控FeCoNiCu特定基体体系的微观结构-宏观性能(尤其强塑性平衡)关联机制尚未深入研究;(3) Si/B协同作用对合金在高压下(0~100 GPa)的结构稳定性、弹性行为、韧脆性转变、各向异性以及位错的影响机制仍未深入研究。为此,本文以FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)高熵合金为模型体系,研究Si/B比例的协同调控。通过调控Si/B非金属元素比例揭示Si含量对高熵合金的晶体结构、弹性常数、韧脆性判据、各向异性及位错的影响,进一步阐明FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在0~100 GPa压力下高压对晶体结构、弹性常数、韧脆性判据、各向异性及位错的影响。本文旨在突破传统金属元素优化的局限,开发兼具高强度和适度塑性的新型高熵合金体系。

1 计算方法和模型

1.1 虚拟晶体近似(VCA)方法

采用虚拟晶体近似方法[28]模拟FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)高熵合金体系。VCA的核心思想是将占据同一晶格格位的不同原子(例如合金A x B1 - x 中的A和B)视为一种“虚拟原子”,不考虑其成分紊乱的影响。其赝势可表示为

Vextr, r'=IαwαIVpsαr-RIα, r'-RIα

式中,α为原子种类,w为各个原子组分的浓度。

该方法在保持原晶胞大小和对称性的同时,模拟随机合金的平均电子结构,因而特别适用于计算主要依赖于平均晶格结构和能带的性质(如弹性常数)[15]。但是,作为一种平均场近似,VCA难以获取不同原子混合导致的局域结构弛豫(如键长变化)、电荷重分布及其引发的晶格畸变和无序环境,严重限制其描述局域原子环境依赖性质的准确性。例如,对于原子半径和电子构型差异显著的元素(如本研究中的B、Si与过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni、Cu),VCA因无法获取由原子尺寸失配引起的强烈晶格畸变预测平均晶格常数和实验值可能产生误差。

选择VCA方法的原因,主要基于两点:(1) 避免在成分范围(x = 0~1)构建化学无序超胞的高昂计算代价;(2) VCA已被证明能较准确预测核心关注性质——依赖平均电子结构和整体晶格响应的力学性能(如弹性常数)[15]。因此,所有计算均采用VCA模型,以避免相关超胞方法的计算负担及潜在系统误差[29~31]。构建的FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金FCC晶体结构模型如图1所示,表1列出了FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金成分设计。

图1

图1   基于VCA方法构建的FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金结构模型

Fig.1   Structural model of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys was constructed based on the VCA method (a) conventional modeling, (b) virtual crystal approximation method modeling


表1   FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金成分设计

Table 1  Composition design of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys

AlloysFeCoNiCuSiB
x = 0111101
x = 0.2511110.250.75
x = 0.511110.50.5
x = 0.7511110.750.25
x = 1111110

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1.2 密度泛函理论计算的设置和结构优化

所有计算均基于密度泛函理论(DFT),和使用Materials Studio软件的CASTEP模块[32]。采用广义梯度近似(GGA)的Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE)泛函[31,33]描述电子交换-关联能,其计算精度和适用性已在各类材料体系中验证。采用模守恒赝势 (Norm-Conserving Pseudopotential, NCPP)描述离子实与价电子间的相互作用,因其计算精度较高。为了确保计算精度满足能量收敛判据(ΔE < 0.01 eV/atom),对FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金体系进行系统的平面波截断能和k点网格收敛性测试。测试结果表明,需将截断能提高到1200 eV并采用12 × 12 × 12的k点网格。最终,所有体系的计算均采用此参数组合(收敛性测试结果如图2所示)。采用BFGS算法对结构几何优化,用Pulay密度混合法迭代计算自洽场(SCF)。同时,设定严格的总能量、原子受力、公差偏移和最大应力偏差收敛标准,分别为低于5.0 × 10-6 eV/atom、小于0.1 eV/nm、小于5 × 10-5 nm和小于0.02 GPa,以确保计算的精度。此外,计算弹性常数时,每个应变的步数和最大应变幅度分别设置为4和0.003,以确保弹性常数的精度。

图2

图2   FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金收敛性测试

Fig.2   Convergence test of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys (a) energy cutoff, (b) k-point


使用设定的晶体模型得到的计算参数,对BCC-Fe进行几何优化,得到晶格常数为0.27 nm,与文献值0.287 nm[34]接近。用相同的方法对FCC-Ni进行几何优化,得到晶格常数0.343 nm,与文献值0.352 nm[35]和0.351 nm[36]吻合良好。为了进一步验证参数的可行性,分别建立了FeCoNiCu高熵合金和FeCoNi合金的晶体模型并进行几何优化。优化后FeCoNiCu高熵合金的晶格常数为0.349 nm,与文献值(0.36 nm)[37]相差3.06%;FeCoNi合金的晶格常数为0.356 nm,与文献值(0.357 nm)[38]相差为0.28%。产生上述差值的原因是:(1) 高熵合金多组元效应的复杂性;(2) 计算温度(0 K)与实验温度(300 K)不同;(3) GGA-PBE泛函低估了晶格常数的系统性。优化结果与文献值相差较小,验证了模型构建方法的准确性和计算参数的适用性。

2 结果和讨论

2.1 FeCoNiCuSi x B1 -x 高熵合金的相结构

依据高熵合金多主元体系的相形成准则,综合考虑了原子半径差(δ)、混合焓(ΔHmix)、混合熵(ΔSmix)、熵焓比(Ω)、电负性差(Δχ)、原子尺寸差(γ)及价电子浓度(VEC)等关键参数,系统研究了FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的相结构类型(无序固溶体、金属间化合物或非晶合金)[39~43]。当合金满足:δ小于6.5%、ΔHmix在-15至5 kJ/mol之间、ΔSmix处于12至17.5 J/(K·mol)范围内,且Ω值不低于1.1时,合金倾向于形成无序固溶体相[44]。若γ值低于1.175且Δχ较小,则有利于生成固溶体。Guo等[43]提出VEC判据:VEC不超过6.87时BCC相稳定;若VEC介于6.87至8.0之间,BCC相与FCC相同时存在;而当VEC达到或超过8时,FCC相为稳定的主导相。表2列出了判定不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的相形成参数计算结果。

表2   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的相形成判定参数

Table 2  Phase formation determination parameters of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents

Alloysδ / %ΔSmix / J·K-1·mol-1ΔHmix / kJ·mol-1ΩΔχ / %VECγ
x = 014.8913.38-8.642.796.9698.21.575
x = 0.2513.0514.32-11.382.236.3218.251.571
x = 0.510.8414.53-13.841.825.518.31.566
x = 0.757.9714.32-16.021.524.4498.351.562
x = 12.9213.38-17.921.252.8718.41.101

Note:δatomic radius difference, ΔSmixmixing entropy, ΔHmixmixing enthalpy, Ωentropy-enthalpy ratio, Δχelectronegativity difference, VECvalence electron concentration, γatomic size difference

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表2可见,随着Si含量的提高FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金体系的δ从14.89%显著降至2.92%。原子尺寸的差异在晶格畸变中起重要作用[45~48]x = 0时,由于B元素与其他组元(Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Si)的原子尺寸的差异显著,δ值达到最大。随着Si元素的加入和B元素的减少,各元素间原子半径的差异逐渐缩小,在一定程度上抑制了晶格畸变程度。尽管δ值有所减小,但是除x = 1外其余合金的δ值仍高于6.5%。这表明,晶格畸变依旧显著。但是,Si元素的加入在一定程度上抑制了晶格畸变,这可能与Si和B原子尺寸差异及其对晶格结构的稳定作用有关。

此外,ΔHmix随着Si含量的提高从-8.64 kJ/mol持续减小到-17.92 kJ/mol,仅在x = 0.75和x = 1时超出固溶体判据范围。ΔSmix始终在13.38~14.53 J/(K·mol)区间,满足固溶体的生成条件。Ωx = 0时的2.79逐渐降至x = 1时的1.25,表明熵稳定化效应随Si含量的提高而减弱。值得注意的是,除x = 1时γ值为1.101外,其余成分的γ值均大于1.175,预示着生成金属间化合物的倾向。Δχ值从x = 0时的6.969%持续降至x = 1时的2.871%,表明Si的加入显著减小了组元间的电负性差异,抑制了电子转移从而促进了固溶体的形成。反之,电负性差异较大时合金更倾向于生成金属间化合物[49]。随Si含量的提高VEC从8.2升至8.4,均高于8。根据文献[50],高VEC值倾向于促进FCC结构的形成,提高了合金的延展性和韧性;而低VEC值则有利于形成BCC结构及强度的提高。由于Si的价电子比B多,Si替代B使合金的VEC提高,从而可能稳定FCC相而提高合金的塑性与韧性。

2.2 晶体结构

基于参数计算,优化FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的晶体结构。图3给出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的晶格常数和密度。由图3可见,随着Si含量从x = 0提高到x = 1,合金的晶格常数由0.309 nm增大到0.319 nm;密度从11130 kg/m3降至10820 kg/m3。其原因是,Si/B原子半径的不同引发晶格畸变;Si原子的半径显著比B原子的大,Si含量的提高(B含量相应减少)使原子尺寸失配度提高;较大的Si原子占据晶格位点使局部晶格膨胀,原子间键长重组的加剧使晶胞体积增大。虽然x = 1时δ < 6.5%,满足高熵合金形成条件,但Si替代B后引入的原子尺寸差异仍会导致局域晶格畸变,使晶胞体积增大,从而导致合金密度降低。

图3

图3   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的晶格常数和密度

Fig.3   Lattice constant and density in FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents


在不考虑动力学因素的情况下,混合元素形成合金相主要由Gibbs自由能

G=H-TS

控制。式中H为系统的焓变;T为温度(单位是K);S为系统的熵变。

金属材料的热力学稳定性,与取决于生成热(与H相关)和温度的Gibbs自由能密切相关。本文基于第一性原理计算,不依赖经验参数评估FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金体系的热力学稳定性。为了简化计算并集中于关键热力学驱动因素,假设温度恒定(忽略温度对熵变的影响)。在此框架下,体系的Gibbs自由能变化量(G)主要决定于生成热(H)。根据第一性原理,材料的生成热可定义为:特定晶胞的基态总能量与其组成元素单质能量平均值之间的差值[51]。本文计算了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金体系的晶胞基态总能量,其生成热为

Eform=Etotal-XeleEeleXele

式中Etotal为高熵合金晶体模型的基态总能量,Xele为高熵合金中各单质元素所占据的摩尔分数,Eele为平衡态下的单个晶体模型中单个原子的能量。

图4给出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的基态能量和生成热。由图4可见,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的基态总能量均为负值,说明高熵合金体系比较稳定,与Si元素的含量没有关系。同时,所有成分的生成热均为负值,表明FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金在热力学上是稳定的。随着Si含量的提高高熵合金的基态总能量持续降低(绝对值增大),表明Si的加入显著提高了合金体系的稳定性;高熵合金的生成热也持续减小(绝对值增大),表明合金的热力学稳定性随着Si含量得到提高而提高。这表明,Si的加入降低了系统的能量和增强了原子间的结合,使FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的稳定性和热力学稳定性提高。

图4

图4   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的基态总能量和生成热

Fig.4   Ground-state total energy and heat of formation of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents


随着Si含量的提高体积模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量均呈递减趋势,源于B与Si在“共价-金属混合键”中特性的差异:B因原子半径较小(约0.082 nm)和电负性适中,易与过渡金属形成强d-p杂化共价键并构建致密键网络,而Si原子半径大(约0.117 nm)、共价键倾向弱,其替代B弱化了键合强度(平均键能降低且金属键成分增加)、降低了键网络刚性(原子间距增大导致形变恢复力下降),且使系统基态总能量的绝对值增大(结合能降低),最终通过键强弱化、键长刚性降低和基态能量绝对值升高的协同作用而降低了弹性模量[52,53]

2.3 FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性

基于第一性原理的计算结果表明,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金为面心立方结构,其弹性常数矩阵可简化为三个独立分量:C11C12C44。此三者作为衡量材料力学稳定性的重要参数,遵循立方晶系力学稳定性判据,需满足[54,55]

C11>0;C44>0;C11-C12>0;C11+2C12>0

式中C11为沿[100]、[010]或[001]方向的弹性模量;C12为同轴压缩(如[110]方向)的弹性模量,涉及两个主向量的共同作用;C44为[111]方向的剪切模量,表征三维空间中的平移弹性。

表3列出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性常数及其变化幅度。计算变化幅度,以x = 0时的值为初始值;由表3可知,这些弹性常数的值始终大于0,不随Si元素含量的变化。这表明,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性常数满足力学稳定性要求。但是,随着Si元素的不断增加C11C12C44以及C11-C12的值减小。由于Si的原子半径明显大于B的原子半径,Si元素取代B元素后导致合金平均原子尺寸增加,引起晶格膨胀和晶格畸变增强。晶格膨胀增加了原子间平均距离,削弱了原子间相互作用强度,降低了合金抵抗弹性变形的能力,表现为C11C12C44等弹性常数减小。Si的电负性(1.90)比Fe(1.83)、Co(1.88)、Ni(1.91)、Cu(1.90)的高,使电子从过渡金属向Si转移,形成部分共价键或离子键成分。这种电子的重新分布,改变了合金的键合强度、削弱了金属键的无方向性和均匀性,进而减小了弹性常数。电负性差异可能导致局部电荷不均匀分布和破坏原有的金属键网络,使C11-C12值减小(反映剪切模量降低)。虽然Si的加入未使相分离或结构失稳(满足C11>C12C44>0力学稳定性准则),但晶格畸变和键合弱化使合金的刚度降低,即力学稳定性降低[56,57]

表3   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性常数(Cij, GPa)及其变化幅度(%)

Table 3  Elastic constants (Cij, GPa) and their variation percentage in FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents

AlloysC11Variation / %C12Variation / %C44Variation / %C11-C12C11+2C12
x = 01372.90688.20244.60684.72749.3
x = 0.251302.8-5.10647.5-5.92236.1-3.47655.32597.8
x = 0.51200-12.59589.2-14.39229.7-6.09610.82378.4
x = 0.751074.8-21.71555.5-19.28197.9-19.09519.32185.8
x = 1927.9-32.41542.4-21.20134.7-44.93385.52012.7

Note:C11the elastic modulus along the [100], [010], or [001] directions, C12the coaxial compression elastic modulus along the [110] direction, C44the shear modulus along the [111] direction

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位错应变能,表征晶体的晶格畸变产生的内能增加。在材料的弹性形变过程中产生的位错,其单位长度应变能决定塑性变形抗力和加工难度。位错应变能越高则材料的变形抗力越强,加工能耗越大。FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金中单个位错单位长度上的应变能为[58]

WGb2=0.5Ga2

式中G为剪切模量,b为伯氏矢量,a为晶格常数;对于面心立方结构,b2=0.5a2

图5给出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性模量和位错应变能。由图5a可见,随Si含量的提高合金的体积模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量均随之减小:x = 0时三个模量均最大,合金刚度优异;x = 1时降至最小,刚度显著减弱。这表明,Si含量的提高降低了合金抵抗弹性变形(体积变形、剪切变形)的能力。由图5b可见,随Si含量的提高单个位错单位长度应变能随之减小并在x = 1时达到最低。根据位错理论,应变能降低意味着位错运动阻力减小,从而使材料的塑性提高。总之,Si含量的提高使弹性模量与位错应变能同步降低,实现了对合金力学性能的调控:在降低刚度的同时使塑性显著提高。

图5

图5   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性模量和位错应变能

Fig.5   Elastic modulus and dislocation strain energy of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys at different Si contents (a) elastic modulus, (b) strain energy per unit length of a single dislocation


用VRH (Voigt-Reuss-Hill)方法计算了合金的弹性模量。此法中的Voigt近似给出了弹性模量的理论上界(最大值),Reuss近似则给出了理论下界(最小值)。Hill近似取Voigt和Reuss近似值的算术平均,能更准确地反映材料的宏观弹性性能。因此,后续分析用Hill近似计算弹性模量。计算合金弹性常数时,CASTEP软件提供了Voigt、Reuss和Hill三种近似方式。

对于立方晶系合金,计算其体积模量和剪切模量的[59~61] Voigt近似为

BV=13C11+2C12
GV=15C11-C12+3C44

Reuss近似为

BR=13C11+2C12
GR=5C44C11-C123C11-C12+4C44

Hill近似为

BH=12BV+BR
GH=12GV+GR

为了揭示Si含量调控FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金力学性能的微观机制,基于上述VRH平均近似模型[62]计算了不同Si含量合金的体积模量(BVBRBH)和剪切模量(GVGRGH)表4列出了用VRH近似计算出的不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的体积模量B和剪切模量G。由表4可见,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的体弹性模量BVBRBH数值相同,而剪切弹性模量GVGRGH显著不同。这表明,Si元素的引入对剪切性能的影响较大,而对体弹性模量影响较小。随着Si含量的提高剪切弹性模量呈特定的变化趋势,为揭示Si元素的微观调控机制提供了重要依据。

表4   用VRH近似计算的不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的体积模量B和剪切模量G

Table 4  Bulk modulus B and shear modulus G of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys calculated via VRH approximation with varying Si contents

AlloysBV/ GPaBR/ GPaBH/ GPaGV/ GPaGR/ GPaGH/ GPa
x = 0916.4916.4916.4283.7276.1279.9
x = 0.25866866866272.7265.8269.2
x = 0.5792.8792.8792.8260255257.5
x = 0.75728.6728.6728.6222.6218.7220.6
x = 1670.9670.9670.9157.9153.1155.5

Note:BVbulk modulus under the Voigt approximation, BRbulk modulus under the Reuss approximation, BHbulk modulus under the Hill approximation, GVshear modulus under the Voigt approximation, GRshear modulus under the Reuss approximation, GHshear modulus under the Hill approximation

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脆韧性是材料力学性能的重要指标,反映其在受到载荷时吸收能量和发生塑性变形的能力。根据第一性原理计算和分析了不同含量的Si对FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金韧性的影响。基于合金的体积模量与剪切模量之比(B/G)、泊松比(ν)以及柯西压强(C12-C44)评估其韧脆性。B/G大于1.75且ν大于0.26时,材料表现出韧性,且数值越高韧性越高。柯西压强大于0则表示材料以金属键为主,呈韧性,反之呈脆性[63,64]表5列出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的柯西压强、泊松比νB/G、硬度(Tian2012)[65]和屈服强度[60]

表5   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的下柯西压强、泊松比νB/G、硬度(Tian2012)和屈服强度

Table 5  Cauchy pressure, Poisson's ratio ν, B/G, Hardness (Tian2012), and Yield strength of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents

AlloysC12-C44 / GPaνB/GHardness / GPaYield strength / GPa
x = 0443.60.3613.2712.94.3
x = 0.25411.40.3593.2212.814.27
x = 0.5359.50.3533.0813.044.35
x = 0.75357.60.3623.310.83.6
x = 1407.70.3924.316.222.07

Note:C12-C44cauchy pressure, νPoisson's ratio, B/G—ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus

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表5可见,随着Si含量的提高B/G、泊松比和柯西压强均先减小后增大。但是,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金整体表现出韧性特征,表明Si元素的加入未导致合金由韧性向脆性转变。此外,合金的硬度和屈服强度变化与B/G和泊松比呈一定的负相关趋势,即随着Si含量增加,合金塑性倾向增强,而硬度和屈服强度呈下降趋势。Si含量为0~0.5时合金的硬度较高,而Si含量为0.5~1时硬度较低,其变化趋势与屈服强度相同。x = 0.5的合金其韧性最低而硬度最高,而x = 1时合金的韧性最高而硬度最低。

弹性各向异性对于深入理解材料的力学行为(塑性变形、裂纹萌生与扩展以及破坏机制)至关重要。本文计算Zener各向异性系数AZ、Chung-Buessem各向异性系数AG[39]以及各向异性指数AU[66],详细讨论了FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的弹性各向异性。表6列出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金各向异性系数(AZAGAU)的计算结果。其中

AZ=2C44C11-C12
AG=GV-GRGV+GR
AU=5GVGR+BVBR-6

式中GVGR分别为用Voigt近似和Reuss近似计算出的剪切弹性模量,BVBR则分别为用Voigt近似和Reuss近似计算出的体弹性模量。

表6   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的各向异性系数(AZAGAU)

Table 6  Anisotropy coefficients (AZ, AG, AU) of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents

AlloysAUAGAZ
x = 00.1380.0140.714
x = 0.250.130.0130.721
x = 0.50.0980.010.752
x = 0.750.0890.0090.762
x = 10.1570.0150.699

Note:AUElastic anisotropy index, AGChung-Buessem anisotropy coefficient, AZZener anisotropy coefficient

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AZAGAU参数分别表征合金的各向异性特征:AZ值趋近于0表明合金的各向异性显著;反之,各向异性较弱,材料趋于各向同性。AG值接近于0,表明材料的各向同性较强,偏离0则各向同性较弱,各向异性增强。AU值接近于0,表明晶体是理想的各向同性特性,偏离0则表明各向异性程度提高,各向同性特性降低。

表6可见,x = 1时AZ值最接近0,AG值则远偏离0,AU值与0的偏差最大,表明合金的各向异性最显著。x = 0.75时,AZ值远偏离0,AG值接近0,且AU值与0的偏差最小,表明合金的各向同性最显著。

使用ElasticPOST代码[67]绘制高熵合金杨氏模量的三维曲面图,图6给出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1-x 高熵合金杨氏模量的三维曲面图,曲面的形状直观地反映了合金的各向异性程度:曲面越接近球形,表明各向同性越显著;反之,曲面越偏离球形,表明各向异性越强[68]。由图6d可见,x = 0.75时的曲面形状最接近球形;由图6e可见,x = 1时的曲面形状最偏离球形。这与AZAGAU的分析结果吻合。尽管如此,表6AZAGAU值的差异较小,因此杨氏模量各向异性三维曲面图的变化不很显著。这种产生这种差异的原因,可能是合金的微观结构或相组成等因素不同。

图6

图6   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的杨氏模量三维曲面图

Fig.6   Three-dimensional surface plot of Young's modulus for FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents (a) x = 0, (b) x = 0.25, (c) x = 0.5, (d) x = 0.75, (e) x = 1


能量因子K表征位错形核难易程度,可根据弹性常数计算,可用于评估材料的塑性。高熵合金的高强度和高硬度源于其显著的固溶强化和晶格畸变内应力场,二者协同阻碍位错滑移。这表明,K值可定量表征此类材料中位错形核的难易程度[60]。各向异性材料的塑性变形取决于刃型、螺型和混合位错的竞争,K值对分析其微观变形机制至关重要。此外,本文还研究了FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的位错性质,计算了螺型位错(KScrew)、刃型位错(Kedge)和混合型位错(Kmixed)[60,69]

图7给出了不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的能量因子K。由图7a可见,随着Si含量的提高KScrewKedge均减小。由图7b可见,随着Si含量的提高Kmixed也呈现下降趋势,且在x = 1时减小到最低。此外,与刃型位错(θ=π/2)相比,螺型位错(θ=0)的能量因子更小,使其更容易形核。在完美晶体中的螺型位错有利于变形,表明Si的添加降低了位错形核能垒而使其更容易形成。x = 0时K值最大,表明位错的形核阻力最大。因此,与FeCoNiCuB高熵合金相比,高Si含量的FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金中位错更容易形核,使其更容易发生塑性变形。

图7

图7   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的能量因子K

Fig.7   Energy factor K of FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents (a) screw dislocation (KScrew) and edge dislocation (Kedge), (b) mixed dislocation (Kmixed)


2.4 FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的电子结构

不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的总态密度(TDOS),如图8所示。可以看出,FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的成键电子主要分布在-15~5 eV区间,所有结构在费米能级(0 eV)上的值均为正,表明合金具有显著的金属特征。随着Si含量的提高费米能级处的总态密度随之提高,图中0 eV处的线表示费米能级线。高熵合金在费米能级线最近的双强峰对应的能量,分别为-1.2413 eV和0.981 eV、-1.2072 eV和0.8507 eV、-1.16 eV和0.654 eV、-1.1749 eV和0.4969 eV、-1.2412 eV和0.2181 eV。上述合金的赝能隙,分别为2.2223 eV、2.0579 eV、1.814 eV、1.6718 eV、1.4593 eV。赝能隙是费米能级附近两个最近强峰之间的能量差,反映合金的共价性。赝能隙越宽,共价性越强[70]。这表明,随着Si含量的提高赝能隙越来越窄,即FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的金属性越强,共价性越弱。

图8

图8   不同Si含量FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的总态密度

Fig.8   Total density of states of the FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x high entropy alloys with varying Si contents


共价性降低表明键合方向性阻力减小,使剪切模量的主导性下降,使体积模量和杨氏模量降低,即合金的变形抗力能力减小;金属键主导使柯西压强维持正值,保障材料韧性基底,但是受到硬度竞争机制调控(x = 0.5时残留共价性致硬度峰值而韧性谷值,x = 1时金属性最强实现韧性峰值)。金属性的提高降低位错核心区电子的局域化,显著降低位错应变能(W)和形核能垒,且螺型位错(KScrew)更易滑移,为塑性的提高提供了微观基础。

3 压力对FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 高熵合金晶体结构和力学性能的影响

FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)高熵合金始终具有韧性材料的特性。分析不同Si含量高熵合金的B/G和泊松比的变化趋势,发现x = 0.5时其延展性较低,而硬度最大。这一特性表明,在常温常压下FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金具有良好的力学稳定性。

3.1 FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 高熵合金的晶体结构

图9给出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的晶格常数和密度。由图9可见,随着压力的提高该合金的晶格常数减小而密度提高。

图9

图9   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的晶格常数和密度

Fig.9   Lattice constant and density of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures


图10给出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的基态总能量和生成热计算结果。由图10可见,FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的基态总能量均为负值,表明该合金具有较好的稳定性。同时,随着压力的提高合金的生成热发生变化。图10表明,基态总能量随着压力的提高而增大(绝对值减小),生成热则先减小后增大。虽然压力的提高使合金的体系稳定性和热力学稳定性有所降低,但是基态总能量和生成热的变化较小,表明压力的变化对其稳定性的影响不大。

图10

图10   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的基态总能量和生成热

Fig.10   Ground-state total energy and heat of formation of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures


3.2 FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 高熵合金的弹性

应用第一性原理计算了在0~100 GPa范围内FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的弹性常数和弹性模量。表7列出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的弹性常数及其变化幅度。

表7   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的弹性常数(Cij, GPa)及其变化幅度(%)

Table 7  Elastic constants (Cij, GPa) and their variation percentages (%) in FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures

Pressure / GPaC11Variation / %C12Variation / %C44Variation / %C11-C12C11+2C12
012000589.20229.70610.82378.4
201309.39.11657.311.56261.914.026522623.9
401429.419.12739.225.46293.927.95690.22907.8
601528.927.41804.836.5932441.05724.13138.5
801647.137.26889.550.97353.453.85757.63426.1
1001742.245.18952.861.71381.966.26789.43647.8

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表7可见,随着压力的变化C11C12C44C11-C12以及C11+2C12的值均大于0,表明FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金满足力学稳定性条件。这表明,该合金的力学稳定性不受压力改变的影响。随着压力的持续提高C11C12C44C11-C12的值均增大,表明提高压力有利于FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金力学稳定性的提高。

图11给出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的弹性模量和位错应变能。由图11a可见,随着压力的提高合金的体积模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量均增大:x = 0 GPa时模量最小,合金的刚度较低;x = 100 GPa时模量显著增大,刚度大幅提高。这表明,压力得到提高使合金抵抗弹性变形(体积变形、剪切变形)的能力提高。由图11b可见,随压力的提高,单个位错单位长度应变能随之增大,并在x = 100 GPa时达到最大值。根据位错理论,应变能的增大意味着位错运动阻力增大,使位错难以滑移,从而使材料的塑性变形性能降低。总之,压力的提高使弹性模量与位错应变能随之提高,实现了对合金力学性能的调控:刚度显著提高,但是塑性降低。

图11

图11   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的弹性模量和及位错应变能

Fig.11   Elastic modulus and dislocation strain energy of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures (a) elastic modulus, (b) strain energy per unit length of a single dislocation


表8列出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下用VRH近似计算出的体积模量B与剪切模量G。由表8可见,合金的体弹性模量BVBRBH相等,而剪切弹性模量GVGRGH显著不同。

表8   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下VRH近似计算出的体积模量B和剪切模量G

Table 8  Bulk modulus B and Shear modulus G of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy calculated via VRH approximation under different pressures

Pressure / GPaBV / GPaBR / GPaBH / GPaGV / GPaGR / GPaGH / GPa
0792.8792.8792.8260255257.5
20874.6874.6874.6287.6284.3285.9
40969.3969.3969.3314.4312.4313.4
601046.21046.21046.2339.2338.2338.7
801142.01142.01142.0363.6363.1363.4
1001215.91215.91215.9387386.9387

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表9列出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的柯西压强、泊松比νB/G、硬度(Tian2012)和屈服强度。由表9可见,随着压力的提高FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的B/G、泊松比和柯西压强先减小后增大、再减小后增大、最后减小的复杂变化。基于对B/G、泊松比和柯西压强的分析,可以确定该合金在所有压力条件下均具有韧性,表明压力的改变对其韧性没有显著的影响。

表9   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的柯西压强、泊松比νB/G、硬度(Tian2012)和屈服强度

Table 9  Cauchy pressure, Poisson's ratio ν, B/G, Hardness (Tian2012), and Yield strength of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures

Pressure / GPaC12-C44 / GPaνB/GHardness / GPaYield strength / GPa
0359.50.35353.07913.044.35
20395.350.35263.05914.154.72
40445.320.35413.09314.914.97
60480.830.35393.08915.785.26
80536.070.35623.14316.265.42
100570.910.35613.142175.67

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表9还可见,随着压力的提高合金的韧性、硬度和屈服强度都随之提高。其原因是,在高压条件下原子间距的减小使原子间的相互作用力增大,从而使材料的变形抗力和断裂韧性更高。这表明,适当提高压力有利于提高FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的综合力学性能。

表10列出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的各向异性系数(AUAGAZ)。由表10可见,在无压力条件下FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的AZ系数接近0,AG系数显著偏离0,且AU的偏差最大,表明合金的各向异性最为显著。相反,在100 GPa压力下,AZ系数最偏离0,AG系数接近0,而AU的偏差最小,表明合金的各向同性最显著。

表10   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的各向异性系数(AUAGAZ)

Table 10  Anisotropy coefficients (AU, AG, AZ) of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures

Pressure / GPaAUAGAZ
00.0980.00970.7521
200.0580.00570.8034
400.0310.00310.8514
600.0150.00150.8950
800.00580.000570.9330
1000.001310.000130.9674

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图12给出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下杨氏模量的三维曲面图。由图12f可见,在100 GPa压力下曲面最接近球形。由图12a可见,在无压力条件下曲面最偏离球形。这与AZAGAU系数的判断结果一致,即在100 GPa压力下合金的各向同性最强,而在无压条件下各向异性最强。

图12

图12   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的杨氏模量三维曲面图

Fig.12   Three-dimensional surface plot of Young's modulus for FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures (a) x = 0 GPa, (b) x = 20 GPa, (c) x = 40 GPa, (d) x = 60 GPa, (e) x = 80 GPa, (f) x = 100 GPa


在无压力条件下FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的AZ系数接近0而AGAU系数显著偏离0,表明合金以单一滑移系变形,产生显著的各向异性。这可能与常压下合金晶体结构(FCC)中滑移系数量有限有关。FCC结构只激活{111}<110>滑移系,使弹性常数在特定晶向高度各向异性。在此条件下AG系数的显著偏离反映了剪切模量的强烈方向性差异,而AU的最大偏差则表明整体各向异性指数达到峰值。随着压力提高到100 GPa,AZ系数显著偏离0而AG接近0,且AU偏差最小,表明合金的各向同性增强。这一现象,可能与高压诱导的结构转变有关,即FCC向HCP的多形性转变。在高压下HCP结构激活更多滑移系,使变形更均匀,从而降低了弹性常数的方向性差异。此外,高压使原子间距减小可能增强原子间的共价键成分,促进了位错交滑移和多滑移系的协同作用,使各向异性进一步弱化。这种结构演变与压力诱导的滑移系多样性使AG系数趋近于0,而AZ系数的偏离可能反映了HCP结构特有的弹性常数的各向异性分布[71]

图13给出了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的能量因子K。由图13a可见,随着压力的提高KScrewKedge都增大。由图13b可见,随着压力的提高能量因子K也增大且在x = 0 GPa时降至最低。此外,与刃型位错(θ=π/2)相比,螺型位错(θ=0)的能量因子更小,使形核更容易。这表明,压力提高了位错形核能垒,使合金中的位错更难以形成。具体表现为:随着压力升高至100 GPa时,位错形核能垒达到峰值,表明晶格抵抗位错形核的能力最强。当然,这也抑制了塑性变形能力,应力释放机制受阻也提高了材料的断裂脆性。与常压(0 GPa)相比,高压使位错更难以形核。这一特性为合金在极端压力下实现可控的均匀塑性变形提供了条件:抑制局部位错爆发性形核促进更协调的晶格滑移,从而提高强塑性协同。

图13

图13   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的能量因子K

Fig.13   Energy factor K of FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures (a) screw dislocation (KScrew) and edge dislocation (Kedge), (b) mixed dislocation (Kmixed)


3.3 FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 高熵合金的电子结构

为了深入研究这种结构稳定机制,计算了不同压力下FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的总态密度。如图14所示,FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的成键电子分布在-15~5 eV区间,所有结构在费米能级(0 eV)上的值均为正,说明合金具有显著的金属特征。随着压力的提高费米能级处的总态密度逐渐降低。图中的黑色虚线表示费米能级线。FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在费米能级线附近的双强峰对应的能量分别为-0.63 eV和0.654 eV、-0.6467 eV和0.6778 eV、-0.6488 eV和0.7059 eV、-0.6449 eV和0.7096 eV、-0.6639 eV和0.7208 eV、-0.6885 eV和0.7367 eV。这些合金的赝能隙分别为:1.284 eV、1.3245 eV、1.3547 eV、1.3545 eV、1.3847 eV、1.4252 eV。这表明,随着压力的提高赝能隙变宽,表明FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金共价性越强则金属键越弱。

图14

图14   FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金在不同压力下的总态密度

Fig.14   Total density of states of the FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5 high entropy alloy under different pressures


共价性增强显著提高了键合方向性阻力,使剪切模量、体积模量及杨氏模量同步增大,提高了合金的弹性变形抗力;金属键基底维持柯西压强正值保障韧性底线,而共价键主导协同提高硬度和屈服强度,形成"高强韧"特性;电子局域化的提高使位错应变能及形核能垒大幅提高。虽然螺型位错仍具有相对优势,其运动受阻使塑性显著降低;高压同时激活多滑移系(FCC→HCP转变),使各向异性系数(AUAG→0)与三维弹性曲面趋近理想球对称,使材料具有均质变形能力。

4 结论

(1) 随着Si含量的提高FeCoNiCuSi x B1 - x 高熵合金的晶格常数显著增大,而密度呈降低的趋势。Si元素的加入对合金力学稳定性的影响较小,但是使弹性模量、体积模量和剪切模量降低。B/G、泊松比和柯西压强则呈先减小后增大的趋势,表明Si含量的提高有利于改善合金的塑韧性,并降低脆性断裂倾向。Si含量的提高还提高了合金的热力学稳定性和体系稳定性,Si含量的提高弱化了键合共价性、降低了位错运动阻力、优化了位错形核行为,在牺牲部分刚度的同时使塑性显著提高。

(2) 随着压力的提高FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的晶格常数减小,密度和变形抗力提高。调控压力,使这种合金保持优异的韧性。压力的提高使合金体系的稳定性和热力学稳定性有所降低,但是基态总能量和生成热的变化较小。随着压力的提高,合金的各向异性降低。压力通过压缩原子间距和诱发电子结构重排(共价性增强),同步提高了FeCoNiCuSi0.5B0.5高熵合金的刚度、强度及硬度,位错运动阻力的增大抑制了塑性变形。虽然塑性降低,但是强化的共价键维系了材料的韧性。抑制了位错的不均匀形核,施加高压可能实现高强韧协同变形。

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Enhancement of strength-ductility balance of heavy Ti and Al alloyed FeCoNiCr high-entropy alloys via boron doping

[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75: 154

DOI     

As one of the most effective mechanisms, precipitation-hardening is widely used to strengthen high-entropy alloys. Yet, heavy precipitation-hardened high-entropy alloys usually exhibit serious embrittlement. How to effectively achieve ultra-high strength and maintain reliable ductility remains a challenge. Here, we report a study of doping extremely little boron to meet this target. We found that adding of 30 ppm boron into the heavy Ti and Al alloyed FCC FeCoNiCr high-entropy, (FeCoNiCr)88Ti6Al6 HEA (at.%) which is strengthened mainly by both coarse BCC-based (Ni, Co)2TiAl Heusler and fine L12-type FCC-based (Ni, Co)3TiAl precipitates and shows ultrahigh strength but poor ductility, could significantly change the original microstructure and consequently improve mechanical performance, owing to the well-known effect of boron on reducing the energy of grain boundaries. The boron addition can (1) eliminate microcavities formed at Heusler precipitate-matrix interfaces; (2) suppress the formation and segregation of coarse BCC Heusler precipitates; (3) promote the formation of L12 nanoparticles. This changes of microstructure substantially improve the tensile ductility more than by ~86 % and retain comparable or even better ultimate tensile strength. These findings may provide a simple and costless solution to produce heavy precipitation-strengthened HEAs with ultrahigh strength and prevent accidental brittleness.

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[J]. Chin. J. Mater. Res., 2024, 38: 741

张泽疆, 李新梅.

激光熔覆CoCrFeNiSi x 高熵合金涂层的耐磨和耐蚀性能

[J]. 材料研究学报, 2024, 38: 741

DOI     

在40Cr表面激光熔覆CoCrFeNiSi <sub>x</sub> (x = 0.2,0.6,1)高熵合金涂层,分析其物相、显微组织、硬度并测试了摩擦磨损和电化学腐蚀性能,研究了Si元素对高熵合金涂层的相结构、组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着Si元素的增加涂层从单一面心立方结构转变为面心立方和硅化物σ相结构,最后转变为面心立方、体心立方和σ相结构。涂层的显微组织由等轴晶转变为柱状晶,最后成为树枝晶。随着Si含量的提高涂层的显微硬度随之提高,x = 1的涂层其平均硬度最高(498.92HV),约为基体的2.52倍。其主要原因是,Si元素的加入导致晶格畸变,引起的固溶强化和涂层中生成的金属间化合物σ相产生了第二相强化。随着Si含量的提高涂层的磨损量减少和平均摩擦系数显著降低,Si含量为1的涂层摩擦系数约为0.309。在总体上,涂层的主要磨损机制由黏着磨损、分层磨损向磨粒磨损演变,耐磨性能明显提高。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,这种涂层的耐蚀性能随着Si含量的提高而提高,Si含量为1的涂层,其耐蚀性能最好。

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As a burnable poison element, boron (B) has been successfully added into the AlNbMoZr based refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) via arc melting method, thus a novel high strength nuclear RHEA material with neutron toxic properties was developed. Hence, the alloy was subjected to irradiation of Kr ions of 4 MeV intensity to assess its irradiation damage behavior in terms of its microstructure and mechanical property evolution. The results of room temperature compression testing show that AlNbMoZrB alloy has excellent mechanical property with compression yield strength ~1180 MPa, fracture strength ~1274 MPa, and plasticity ~4.8%. By comparatively examining the phase structure and microstructure evolution of AlNbMoZrB alloy before and after irradiation, it is found that AlNbMoZrB alloy has a typical dendrite structure, in which the dendrite region is a matrix phase with disordered BCC structure, and the interdendrite region is composed of FCC structure Al-Zr phase and α-Zr phase. After irradiation with Kr ions, the α-Zr phase underwent an amorphous transformation. At the same time, high density <100> and 1/2<111> dislocation loops are also generated. The volume density of the dislocation loop is ~4.11×1022 m-3 and the size is between 12 nm and 16 nm after subjected Kr ions irradiation at room temperature. The volume density of the dislocation loop decreased to ~1.63×1022 m-3 and the size increased to 23~27 nm after subjected the same Kr ions irradiation at 300℃.

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AlNbMoZrB系难熔高熵合金的Kr离子辐照损伤行为

[J]. 材料研究学报, 2023, 37: 641

DOI      [本文引用: 1]

基于电弧熔炼法将可燃毒物硼(B)元素添加到AlNbMoZr基难熔高熵合金(RHEA)中,制备出一种具有中子毒物特性的高强度新型核用RHEA材料。对其进行强度为4 MeV的Kr离子辐照实验,研究了这种材料的Kr离子辐照损伤行为。室温压缩结果表明,AlNbMoZrB合金具有优异的力学性能,其压缩屈服强度可达1180 MPa,压缩强度约为1274 MPa,塑性约为4.8%。对辐照前后这种合金的相结构和显微组织演化的分析结果表明,AlNbMoZrB合金具有典型的枝晶组织,其中枝晶区为无序BCC结构基体相,枝晶间区由FCC结构的Al-Zr相及α-Zr相组成,经Kr离子辐照后α-Zr相发生非晶化转变,还产生了高密度&lt;100&gt;和1/2&lt;111&gt;型位错环。在室温辐照条件下位错环的体积密度约为4.11×10<sup>22</sup> m<sup>-3</sup>,尺寸为12~16 nm;在300℃辐照条件下位错环的体积密度降低到约1.63×10<sup>22</sup> m<sup>-3</sup>,尺寸增大到23~27 nm。

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High-entropy alloys, near-equiatomic solid solutions of five or more elements, represent a new strategy for the design of materials with properties superior to those of conventional alloys. However, their phase space remains constrained, with transition metal high-entropy alloys exhibiting only face- or body-centered cubic structures. Here, we report the high-pressure synthesis of a hexagonal close-packed phase of the prototypical high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. This martensitic transformation begins at 14 GPa and is attributed to suppression of the local magnetic moments, destabilizing the initial fcc structure. Similar to fcc-to-hcp transformations in Al and the noble gases, the transformation is sluggish, occurring over a range of &gt;40 GPa. However, the behaviour of CrMnFeCoNi is unique in that the hcp phase is retained following decompression to ambient pressure, yielding metastable fcc-hcp mixtures. This demonstrates a means of tuning the structures and properties of high-entropy alloys in a manner not achievable by conventional processing techniques.

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