K4169合金的高温低周疲劳行为
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Low-cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Cast Ni-based Superalloy K4169 at 650oC
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通讯作者: 张伟红,副研究员,whzhang@imr.ac.cn,研究方向为变形高温合金组织性能演变机理及其制备技术孙文儒,研究员,wrsun@imr.ac.cn,研究方向为高温合金及其加工技术
收稿日期: 2023-11-06 修回日期: 2024-03-19
Corresponding authors: ZHANG Weihong, Tel:
Received: 2023-11-06 Revised: 2024-03-19
作者简介 About authors
刘庆澳,男,1999年生,硕士生
在650℃进行镍基铸造高温合金K4169的低周疲劳实验,使用SEM、TEM等手段表征合金变形前后的微观组织和断裂特征,研究了这种合金的高温低周疲劳行为。结果表明,这种合金的疲劳寿命随着应变的增大逐渐降低,应变为0.5%和0.6%时在循环前2~200周次内出现硬化现象,随后出现循环稳定和循环软化;应变为0.8%和1.0%时,合金出现连续的循环软化;初期的循环硬化与γ″强化相对位错运动的阻碍有关,而循环软化则归因于位错反复剪切γ″相。这种合金的塑性应变幅与疲劳失效反向数的Coffin-Manson方程表现出双线性关系。对微观变形结构的观察表明,这种合金在高应变和低应变下的循环变形模式均为位错剪切γ″相和滑移,且其在不同应变下的疲劳失效均表现为穿晶断裂。这种合金表现出双线性的原因可能是变形均匀性的转变,非Masing特性证明了这种转变。
关键词:
The low cycle fatigue behavior of nickel based cast superalloy K4169 at 650oC was studied, while its microstructure variation before and after test was assessed by means of SEM and TEM. The results show that the fatigue life of the alloy gradually decreases with the increasing strain. When the strain is 0.5% and 0.6%, the alloy experiences strain hardening within the early 2~200 cycles, followed by cyclic stability and cyclic softening, respectively; When the strain is 0.8% and 1.0%, the alloy exhibits continuous cyclic softening behavior; Initial cyclic hardening is related to the hindering effect of γ″ strengthening phases on the movement of dislocations, while cyclic softening is attributed to dislocations shearing γ″phases repeatedly. The Coffin-Manson equation for the relationship between the plastic strain amplitude and the reverse number of fatigue failure of the alloy exhibits a bilinear relationship. Observation of the microstructure shows that the cyclic deformation mode of the alloy at high and low strains is all dislocations shearing γ″ phase and slip, and the fatigue failure of the alloy under different strains all exhibits transgranular fracture. Therefore, the reason for the bilinear behavior of the alloy may be the transformation of deformation uniformity, and the non-Masing characteristic exhibited by the alloy also demonstrate the transformation of deformation uniformity.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
刘庆澳, 张伟红, 王志远, 孙文儒.
LIU Qing'ao, ZHANG Weihong, WANG Zhiyuan, SUN Wenru.
在实际服役条件下,K4169合金部件经常在拉压、转动或频繁启停等复杂加载工况下工作,其失效的主要形式是疲劳断裂[7,8]。统计结果表明,约60%的航空零件机械失效是疲劳引起的[9]。因此,研究这种合金的疲劳性能是一项极为重要的课题。K4169合金铸件的疏松缩孔、元素偏析以及大尺寸晶粒,使其力学性能严重恶化。为了提高铸件的力学性能,常用的方法是用细晶铸造工艺减小合金的晶粒或在标准热处理前进行热等静压(HIP)处理[10]。目前,已有关于细晶K4169合金在室温和700℃下的低周疲劳行为的研究报导。晶粒细化使合金在室温下的疲劳寿命明显提高,而合金在700℃疲劳寿命的优劣与施加的应变幅有关[2,11]。热等静压处理可消除K4169合金铸件中的显微疏松、减轻元素偏析和促进组织均匀化,在应变比R = -1、应变幅0.4%、加载频率0.2 Hz的条件下,与铸态和标准热处理态合金相比,经热等静压(HIP)+标准热处理(ST)的K4169合金其室温低周疲劳寿命明显提高[12,13]。
式中Δεp/2为塑性应变幅,ε
1 实验方法
实验用K4169合金试棒的化学成分(质量分数,%)为:Cr 19.08,Ni 52.27,Mo 3.16,(Nb + Ta)5.38,Ti 1.02,Al 0.56,C 0.06,Fe余量。对实验用合金试棒进行热等静压、均匀化、固溶和时效处理:1160℃/100 MPa/3 h,炉冷至650℃;AC + 1095℃/1 h,AC + 955℃/1 h,AC + 720℃/8 h,炉冷至620℃ + 620℃/8 h,AC。用试棒机加工低周疲劳试样,其尺寸在图1中给出。
图1
用MTS 370.10型疲劳试验机测试应变控制低周疲劳性能。实验温度为650℃,实验环境为实验室静态空气介质;加载条件为:三角形波,频率0.5 Hz,采用完全反向轴向总应变控制的拉-压加载方式(R = -1)。低周疲劳实验的总应变分别为0.5%、0.6%、0.8%和1.0%,用计算机自动记录实验数据。判定试样失效的条件为:A.试样断裂;B.试样表面出现可检测裂纹。
使用扫描电镜(SEM)观察合金的原始组织、断口形貌和断口纵剖面组织。将SEM样品机械磨抛至表面光亮且无明显划痕,然后用氯化铜腐蚀液(5 g CuCl2 + 100 mL HCl + 100 mL C2H5OH)腐蚀。用酒精将断口样品超声清洗后观察其形貌;用Gemini300扫描电镜对断口纵剖面上的裂纹进行电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析。将EBSD试样机械磨抛后用VibroMet 2型振动抛光机,再在SiO2悬浮液中振动抛光6 h以去除试样表面的残余应力;使用Talos F200X型场发射透射电子显微镜观察合金变形前后的微观组织结构。TEM样品的制备:沿断口纵向切取厚0.5 mm的薄片,将其机械研磨至厚度约为50 μm,用冲孔仪将样品冲压成直径为3 mm的圆片,用双喷射电抛光设备将圆片样品减薄,双喷液为10%HClO4 + 90%C2H5OH,双喷温度为-25℃,电压为20 V。
2 实验结果
2.1 K4169合金铸棒的组织
图2给出了K4169合金铸棒热处理后的组织形貌。可以看出,合金中有不规则的块状相和针状相(图2a、b)。根据表1中的能谱(EDS)结果和析出相的形状可确定,块状相为富C、Nb、Ti的碳化物(化学式为(Nb,Ti)C),针状相为δ-Ni3Nb。在合金的枝晶间还有粗大的盘片状γ″相(图2c)。晶界上弥散分布的MC相和不连续分布的短棒状δ相,短棒状δ相可能是在热等静压后的缓冷过程中析出的[26]。图2d给出了合金的低倍组织形貌,可见其是树枝晶组织,晶粒的尺寸较大。体心四方结构的纳米级γ″-Ni3Nb颗粒弥散分布在合金基体中(图2e、f)。图2g给出了针状δ-Ni3Nb相的TEM形貌。选区电子衍射(SAED)花样(图2g中的插图)表明,δ-Ni3Nb相与γ-Ni基体的取向关系为(1
图2
图2
K4169合金热处理态的组织特征
Fig.2
Microstructure characteristics of K4169 alloy after heat treatment (a) SEM images showing precipitates (b) BSE images showing precipitates; (c) Coarsening γ″ phase; (d) Low magnification morphology of alloy structure; (e, f) bright- and dark-field TEM images of γ″-Ni3Nb,respectively; (g) TEM images of δ-Ni3Nb (Inset in Fig.2 shows the corresponding SAED pattern)
表1 析出相和基体的能谱 (EDS)
Table 1
Element (%) | C | Al | Ti | Cr | Fe | Ni | Nb | Mo |
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MC | 18.45 | 0.02 | 6.02 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.93 | 71.76 | 0.41 |
δ-Ni3Nb | 4.01 | 0.51 | 1.4 | 14.83 | 14.07 | 49.34 | 12.76 | 3.07 |
γ-Ni | - | 0.27 | 1.26 | 18.98 | 17.32 | 54.74 | 4.85 | 2.57 |
2.2 循环滞后回线和Masing曲线
图3a、b分别给出了合金第一周次和半寿命时的循环应力应变滞后回线。可以看出,所有应变的合金其第一周次的滞后回线在拉伸和压缩过程中呈现出亚对称,最大拉应力随着应变的增大逐渐增大。应变为0.5%和0.6%时的滞后回线近似为一条直线,表明合金在第一周次循环过程中几乎只发生弹性变形;应变为0.8%和1.0%时滞后回线是一个未闭合的环,表明合金在循环过程中同时产生弹性变形和塑性变形 [27]。合金半寿命时的循环滞后回线是一个稳定的闭合环,闭合环的面积表示材料在一次循环过程中接收的塑性应变能,表征材料抵抗循环塑性变形的能力[28,29]。可以看出,随着应变的增大闭合环的面积增大,表明合金在循环过程中消耗的塑性应变能越大疲劳寿命越短。
图3
图3
循环滞后回线和Masing曲线
Fig.3
Cyclic hysteresis loops of alloy with the first cycle (a), Cyclic hysteresis loops of alloy with the half-life (b) and Masing curve of alloy (c)
2.3 循环应力响应行为
图4给出了合金在不同应变下的循环应力响应曲线。可以看出,合金第一周次的最大拉应力随应变增大而增大,疲劳寿命降低。应变为0.5%时,合金第二周次的最大拉应力相比第一周次下降约12 MPa,随后最大拉应力随着循环周次的增加逐渐增大而出现硬化,循环达到200周次时最大拉应力达到峰值,随后出现循环稳定;应变为0.6%时合金在循环的前200周次内出现循环硬化,随后应力逐渐降低而表现为循环软化;应变为0.8%和1.0%时,合金的最大拉应力随着循环周次的增加逐渐降低,出现连续的循环软化行为直至失效。在所有的应变下,合金在循环最后阶段的最大拉应力均高速降低。这表明,是宏观裂纹的生成和失稳扩展所致[17,18,30]。
图4
为了定量描述合金循环软化/硬化的程度,引入了循环硬化参数[31]
式中σmid-life为循环半寿命时的最大拉应力,σ1为循环第一周次的最大拉应力。图5给出了合金在不同应变下的循环硬化参数D。应变为0.5%时D为很小的正值,表明合金整体上表现出微弱的循环硬化,可归因于循环前2-200周次内产生的硬化行为。应变为0.6%及以上时D为负值,表明合金发生了循环软化,且其软化程度随着应变的增大而提高。
图5
图5
合金在不同应变下的循环硬化参数D
Fig.5
Cyclic hardening parameter D of alloy under different strains
2.4 低周疲劳寿命
图6给出了这种合金的总应变幅(Δεt/2)、弹性应变幅(Δεe/2)和塑性应变幅(Δεp/2)与疲劳失效反向数(2Nf)的关系曲线。可以看出,总应变幅较小时塑性应变幅很小,随着总应变幅的增大塑性应变幅逐渐增大,但是始终小于其弹性应变幅。Δεp/2-2Nf曲线与Δεe/2-2Nf曲线没有交叉,表明在本文的实验范围内合金的低周疲劳变形集中在弹性变形区,即合金的强度控制了循环过程。IN738LC合金[32]和K416B合金[33]在650℃的弹性应变疲劳在低周疲劳循环过程中也占主导地位。值得注意的是,K4169合金的塑性应变幅(Δεp/2)与疲劳失效反向数(2Nf)的Coffin-Manson方程表现出双线性特征,其形状为“上凸”型结构,较高应变区的疲劳塑性指数c为-0.63,较低应变区c为-1.25,转折点出现在塑性应变幅为0.001065。
图6
图6
应变幅与疲劳失效反向数的关系
Fig.6
Relationship between strain amplitudes (Δε/2) and number of reversals to failure (2Nf)
2.5 断裂行为
2.5.1 断口的形貌
图7
图7
宏观断口的形貌
Fig.7
Macroscopic fracture morphology (a) Δεt = 0.5%; (b) Δεt = 0.6%; (c) Δεt = 1.0%
图8
图8
微观断口的形貌
Fig.8
Microscopic fracture morphology (a, d, g) Δεt = 0.5%; (b, e, h) Δεt = 0.6%; (c, f, i) Δεt = 1.0%; (a~f) Morphology of fatigue propagation zone; (g~i) Morphology of fatigue final rupture
2.5.2 纵剖面的组织
断口附近的纵剖面组织,如图9所示。裂纹源区受到的应力集中较小,因此无论施加应变大小合金组织中的MC相基本上保持原来的形态,且没有出现从断口表面向试样内部扩展的二次裂纹,如图9a,d,g所示。裂纹生成后随着主裂纹不断扩展,能承受施加应力的样品部分逐渐减小,使应力集中逐渐增大。而合金组织中的MC相以及MC相与基体的界面作为变形过程中的应力集中区,裂纹易在这里萌生[37]。在裂纹扩展区可见枝晶间破碎的MC相和在MC相与基体的界面生成的微孔或裂纹(红色箭头标记),从断口处向试样内扩展的二次裂纹或在试样内生成的较大二次裂纹(黄色箭头标记),如图9b,e,h所示。疲劳裂纹扩展的最后阶段类似于拉伸破坏过程,在最终断裂区只有部分样品承受施加的应力,产生了极高的局部应力集中。这表明,在瞬断区有更多破碎的MC相和微孔或裂纹,尤其在应变为1.0%时靠近断口的MC相基本都破裂了,如图9i所示。
图9
图9
断口的纵剖面组织
Fig.9
Fracture longitudinal section organization (a, b, c) Δεt = 0.5%; (d, e, f) Δεt = 0.6%; (g, h, i) Δεt = 1.0%
图10a~c给出了不同应变下试样断口纵剖面上的二次裂纹。可以看出,二次裂纹均萌生在试样表面,并以穿晶模式向试样内扩展,其扩展方向基本上与加载方向垂直。对应变为1.0%的试样断口纵剖面上的二次裂纹进行了EBSD分析,图10d和e分别给出了晶界图和IPF图。可以看出,二次裂纹萌生于试样表面并依次穿过G1、G2、G3三个较大的铸造晶粒。因此,合金在高温下的疲劳裂纹主要以穿晶模式扩展。KAM (Kernel average misorientation)图表示位错密度的大小,用于评估合金变形组织中的应力集中情况[38]。可以看出,在裂纹扩展路径周围和枝晶间的碳化物处产生较高的应力集中,如图10f所示。
图10
图10
断口纵剖面的二次裂纹和EBSD分析
Fig.10
Secondary cracks on the longitudinal section of the fracture with a strain of 0.5%, 0.6%, and 1.0%, respectively (a~c) and the associated EBSD maps of the GB (Grain boundary), IPF and KAM with a strain of 1.0% are shown in (d~f)
3 讨论
3.1 影响循环应力响应行为的因素
材料的循环应力响应行为与位错的循环运动有关,取决于材料对外部变形的内部阻力。这种阻力,主要来源于其它位错或合金中的析出相对位错运动的钉扎[31]。K4169合金作为一种沉淀强化型铸造高温合金,其初始的循环硬化行为可能与位错在δ相附近的塞积[20]、在滑移带中的累积[18,19]以及γ″/γ′相对位错的钉扎有关[18,20]。而沉淀硬化合金的循环软化行为,则归因于沉淀物的溶解、沉淀物的剪切、沉淀物的粗化、沉淀物的无序化以及不均匀的塑性变形等因素[19,22]。K4169合金在高温低应变条件下循环的前2~200周次内出现循环硬化,在Inconel 718合金高温低周疲劳行为中也出现了这种初始循环硬化,但是只在前几个循环周次内出现[22,39]。与之相比,本文研究的K4169合金其初始硬化期较长。为了揭示K4169合金出现循环硬化行为的原因,对中断试样(Δεt = 0.5%,Nf = 100 cycs)进行了(HR)TEM分析。图11a给出了枝晶间粗大γ″相和γ-基体的HRTEM形貌,可见两者间有清晰的界面,且在界面附近有明显的位错(标记‘T’),如图11b和c所示。这表明,枝晶间的粗大γ″相对位错运动有一定的钉扎。图11d和e分别给出了这种合金基体中细小γ″相的HRTEM图和IFFT图。从IFFT图可以看出,位错存在于γ″相的周围,而在γ″相内部几乎没有位错,表明合金基体中细小的γ″相对位错运动有较强的阻挡能力。由此可见,γ″强化相对位错运动的阻碍使合金在低应变下循环初期出现硬化,且以基体中细小γ″相的作用为主。
图11
图11
中断试样(Δεt = 0.5%,Nf = 100 cycs)的微观变形结构
Fig.11
HRTEM and IFFT image of the specimen with Δεt = 0.5%,Nf = 100 cycs: (a) The HRTEM micrograph of interdendritic γ″ and γ-matrix with the FFT pattern; (b, c) the corresponding inverse FFT images of areas b an c in (a), respectively; (d) The HRTEM micrograph of γ″ in matrix and γ-matrix with the FFT pattern; (e) The corresponding inverse FFT image of (d) (dislocation as marked with ‘T’)
图12
图12
不同应变下断裂试样的微观变形结构
Fig.12
TEM micrographs of fracture specimens under different strains (a) Bright field image with SAED pattern, Δεt = 0.5%;(b) Dark field image, Δεt = 0.5%; (c) Slip bands distribution, Δεt = 0.5%; (d) Bright field image with SAED pattern,Δεt = 1.0%; (e) Dark field image, Δεt = 1.0%; (f) Slip bands distribution, Δεt = 1.0%
3.2 塑性曲线的双线性
大部分材料的塑性应变幅(Δεp/2)与疲劳失效反向数(2Nf)在双对数坐标下的拟合结果为一条直线(单线性),而有些材料表现出双线性C-M关系,即在双对数图中出现两段斜率不同的直线[15,25]。本文研究的K4169合金,在高温下的塑性曲线表现出明显的双线性特征。而对双线性现象的解释,包括变形机制(模式)的转变[15,19,22]、变形均匀性的转变[16,20,21]以及断裂机制的转变[19,25]。为此,观察了不同应变下断裂试样的微观变形结构,如图12所示,合金在低应变(Δεt = 0.5%)和高应变(Δεt = 1.0%)下的微观变形结构中出现明显的滑移带。随着应变的增大滑移带的数量增多和位错密度提高[40],且均未出现变形孪晶,如图12c、f所示。在不同应变的合金的TEM暗场模式下都观察到γ″相被剪切(图12b、e),表明合金在不同应变下的循环变形模式均为位错剪切γ″相和滑移。如上所述,合金在不同应变下的低周疲劳失效均表现为穿晶断裂模式。这表明,导致合金表现出双线性现象的原因可能是变形均匀性的转变,即由低应变下的局部塑性变形转变为高应变下的均匀塑性变形。同时,合金在高温下表现出的非Masing特性也证明其变形均匀性的转变[20]。
4 结论
(1) K4169合金的低周疲劳寿命随着应变的增大逐渐降低,应变为0.5%和0.6%时出现一个初始循环硬化期(2~200周次),随后分别出现循环稳定和循环软化。应变为0.8%和1.0%时,合金表现出连续的循环软化行为。
(2) K4169合金在低应变下循环初期的硬化行为与γ″强化相对位错运动的阻碍有关,而在高应变下的循环软化行为则归因于位错反复剪切γ″相。
(3) K4169合金的塑性应变幅与疲劳失效反向数的Coffin-Manson方程表现出双线性关系,其在高应变和低应变下的循环变形模式均为位错剪切γ″相和滑移,且在不同应变下的疲劳失效均表现为穿晶断裂模式。
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