Phase change materials of expanded graphite/stearic acid composite (SA/EG-PCMs) were prepared by melt-blending method with stearic acid (SA) as phase change material and expanded graphite (EG) as packing material. The structure and property of SA/EG-PCMs were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TG and the DSC of multi rate, and their phase transformation kinetics was studied by the model of data processing of non-isothermal kinetics. The results show that there exist a lot of holes with network structures within EG, which were composed of parallel and collapsed laminas of stacked thinner graphite of 10~50 μm, with which SA was packaged thereby, the resulted particle size of SA/EG-PCMs was decreased. According to the analysis of the phase transformation kinetics, EG might play certain role in hindering the thermal migration of the molecular chains of DA; the activation energy of SA/EG-PCMs was higher than that of the pure SA (E is 535.55 kJ/mol), indicating the higher thermal stability of the former; With the increasing EG content, the activation energy of SA/EG-PCMs increased gradually, as the EG content over 10%, the blocking effect of SA/EG-PCMs on the migration of molecular chain of SA increased much more obviously, and which enable the dissension of the phase transition temperature and phase change enthalpy to be enlarged.
表1
不同EG含量的复合相变材料在不同升温速率(β)下初温(T0)、峰温(TP)、及终温(Tf)、相变温度(Tr)以及相变潜热H Tabel 1T0, TP, Tf, H of SA/EG-PCMs with different mass fraction of EG in different heating rate β
ChcralathanM, Vclraj R Rcnganarayanan S, Heat transfer and parametric studies of an encapsulated phase change material based cool thermal energy storage system, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci.A, 7(11), 1888(2006)
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Ho CJ, Gao JY, Preparation and thermophysical properties of nanoparticlein-paraffin emulsion as phase change material, Int. Commun. Heat. Mess Trans., 36(5), 468(2009)
In this study, phase change material (PCM) embedded by nanoparticles was prepared by emulsifying alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles in paraffin (n-octadecane) by means of a non-ionic surfactant. The formulated nanoparticle-in-paraffin emulsions contain the nanoparticles of 5wt.% and 10wt.%, respectively; their effective thermophysical properties, such as latent heat of fusion, density, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity, were investigated experimentally. The experimentally measured density of the emulsions agrees excellently with that predicted based on the mixture theory. The measured thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity for the nanoparticle-in-paraffin emulsions formulated show a nonlinear increase with the mass fraction of the nanoparticles compared with that for the pure paraffin, depending on the temperature.
Myristic acid-graphite nanoplates (MA/Gr) composite phase change materials were prepared and thermal properties at various Gr loadings, 0.5%, 1% and 2%, were investigated. Melting and freezing temperatures, latent heats of melting and freezing, the extent of supercooling and the crystallization fraction were obtained with respect to the Gr loadings. It is observed that the Gr loading does not affect the crystallization fraction, but decreases the extent of supercooling. The effect of Gr loading on thermal stability and functional groups of myristic acid was determined by thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses, respectively. Thermal conductivity of Myristic acid increased by 8%, 18% and 38% after Gr loadings of 0.5%, 1% and 2% into MA, respectively. Thermal cycling test was also conducted at various thermal cycles (1, 10, 40, 70 and 100 cycles). Repeated melting/freezing cycles have no significant effect on the thermal properties and chemical stability of MA/Gr composites.
HeHongtao, YueQinyan, GaoBaoyu, The effects of compounding conditions on the properties of fatty acids eutectic mixtures as phase change materials,Energy Conversion Management, 69, 117(2013)
This work was focused on investigating the effects of compounding conditions on the properties of fatty acids eutectic mixtures as phase change materials (PCMs), and the binary eutectic mixtures of stearic acid (SA) and myristic acid (MA) were selected as representative. The melting points of SA-MA mixtures with varying combination proportions were tested to determine eutectic ratio. Adopting heating-ultrasonic method, the SA-MA mixtures with eutectic ratio were blended under different conditions to obtain a series of eutectic mixtures, and then their thermal properties and chemical structures were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The results showed that the eutectic mass ratio of SA to MA was 36鈥64%; within certain time range, more heating time can result in lower melting point, but not the longer, the better; when the heating temperature increased, the melting point of eutectic mixture had a little irregular change, but the melting time of solid mixture obviously reduced, so, heating temperature should be considered synthetically to save energy; ultrasonic vibrating process hardly had influences on the properties of eutectic mixtures, and can be canceled ; the preparation of fatty acids eutectic mixture did not have any damages to the chemical structures of fatty acids.
WangLijiu, MengDuo, Fatty acid eutectic/polymethyl methacrylate composite as form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Appl.Energy, 87(8), 2662(2010)
This work is focused on the preparation and characterization of fatty acid eutectic/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) form-stable phase change material (PCM). Capric acid (CA), lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA) and stearic acid (SA) were selected to prepare binary fatty acid eutectic for the sake of decreasing the phase change temperature. Using the method of self-polymerization, CA-LA, CA-MA, CA-SA and LA-MA eutectics acting as the heat-absorbing materials and PMMA serving as the supporting material were compounded in the ratio of 50/5000 wt.%. The relations between mass fraction of LA-MA eutectic and latent heat and compressive strength of LA-MA/PMMA composite were discussed, and the feasible maximum mass fraction of LA-MA eutectic was determined to be 70%. CA-LA/PMMA, CA-MA/PMMA, CA-SA/PMMA and LA-MA/PMMA composites were examined to investigate their potential application in building energy conservation. Scanning electron microscope and polarizing optical microscope observations showed that fatty acid eutectic was coated by PMMA thus the composite remained solid when the sample was heated above the melted point of the fatty acid. Fourier-transform infrared results indicated that fatty acid and PMMA had no chemical reaction and exhibited good compatibility with each other. According to the differential scanning calorimetry results, phase change temperatures of CA-LA/PMMA, CA-MA/PMMA, CA-SA/PMMA and LA-MA/PMMA composites were 21.1100 00°C, 25.1600 00°C, 26.3800 00°C and 34.8100 00°C and their latent heat values were determined to be 76.300 kJ/kg, 69.3200 kJ/kg, 59.2900 kJ/kg and 80.7500 kJ/kg, respectively. Moreover, thermal stability and expansibility of the form-stable PCMs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and volume expansion coefficient respectively, and the results indicated that the composites were available for building energy conservation.
ZHANGLei, Study on preparation, properties and phase change heat transfer process of polyethylene glycol-based composite thermal energy storage materials, PhD disseration (Wuhan,Wuhan University of Technology, 2012)
ZHANGNi, The preparation and dynamics research of composite phase change thermal storage materials and its application in building materials, Master thesis (Guangzhou,South China University of Technology, 2012)
García-Pérez and Alcalá-Quintana (2010) dispute the conclusion of Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) that the two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task yields meaningfully larger estimates of the difference limen (DL) than does the reminder task. García-Pérez and Alcalá-Quintana overlook, however, fundamental properties of 2AFC psychometric functions and Type B order errors in their reanalysis. In addition, their favored theory (i.e., the difference model with guessing) does not provide a plausible account for why the 2AFC task tends to yield larger DLs (by about 50%) than does the reminder task. In trying to clarify these issues, I hope to advance the proper assessment of discrimination performance in 2AFC tasks.
ZHANGZhengguo, LONGNa, FANGXiaoming, Study on performance of paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase-change material,Journal of Function Materials, 8(40), 1314(2009)
A.Sari, A.Karaipekli, Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite composite as phase change material, Appl. Therm. Eng., 27(8), 1274(2007)
This study aimed determination of proper amount of paraffin (n-docosane) absorbed into expanded graphite (EG) to obtain form-stable composite as phase change material (PCM), examination of the influence of EG addition on the thermal conductivity using transient hot-wire method and investigation of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) characteristics of paraffin such as melting time, melting temperature and latent heat capacity using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The paraffin/EG composites with the mass fraction of 2%, 4%, 7%, and 10% EG were prepared by absorbing liquid paraffin into the EG. The composite PCM with mass fraction of 10% EG was considered as form-stable allowing no leakage of melted paraffin during the solid-liquid phase change due to capillary and surface tension forces of EG. Thermal conductivity of the pure paraffin and the composite PCMs including 2, 4, 7 and 10 wt% EG were measured as 0.22, 0.40, 0.52, 0.68 and 0.82 W/m K, respectively. Melting time test showed that the increasing thermal conductivity of paraffin noticeably decreased its melting time. Furthermore, DSC analysis indicated that changes in the melting temperatures of the composite PCMs were not considerable, and their latent heat capacities were approximately equivalent to the values calculated based on the mass ratios of the paraffin in the composites. It was concluded that the composite PCM with the mass fraction of 10% EG was the most promising one for LHTES applications due to its form-stable property, direct usability without a need of extra storage container, high thermal conductivity, good melting temperature and satisfying latent heat storage capacity.
Feng LL, ZhengJ, Yang HZ, Preparation and characterization of polyethylene glycol/active carbon composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 646(2011)
Shape-stabilized phase change materials (PCMs) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and mesoporous active carbon (AC) were prepared by a blending and impregnating method. Various techniques were carried out to characterize the structural and thermal properties of the composites. Lower phase change temperatures and enthalpies were observed as the weight percentage and molecular weight of PEG was decreased. The crystallinity of PEG in the PCMs decreased with the increase in the AC content. The activation energy of the PEG phase change decreased with higher PEG weight percentages. We conclude that the phase change properties of the PEG/AC PCMs are influenced by the adsorption confinement of the PEG segments from the porous structure of AC and also the interference of AC by acting as an impurity with perfect PEG crystallization.
Vclraj R Rcnganarayanan S, Heat transfer and parametric studies of an encapsulated phase change material based cool thermal energy storage system, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci.
Study on preparation, properties and phase change heat transfer process of polyethylene glycol-based composite thermal energy storage materials, PhD disseration (Wuhan,
The preparation and dynamics research of composite phase change thermal storage materials and its application in building materials, Master thesis (Guangzhou,