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Chinese Journal of Materials Research  2017, Vol. 31 Issue (6): 437-444    DOI: 10.11901/1005.3093.2016.533
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Effects of Different Heavy Metals on Fly Ash-based Geopolymer
Xiaolu GUO1,2(),Liang WU2,Huisheng SHI1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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Xiaolu GUO,Liang WU,Huisheng SHI. Effects of Different Heavy Metals on Fly Ash-based Geopolymer. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2017, 31(6): 437-444.

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Abstract  

Fly ash based geopolymer were prepared with fly ash as raw material and several compounds of heavy metals as additives. Then the effect of the type, content and chemical form of the heavy metal on the compressive strength, reaction products, and pore structure of the prepared geopolymers was investigated. The results show that the incorporation of Pb2+、Cr3+ and Cu2+ has great effect on the late compressive strength and results in formation of reinhardbraunsite in the solidified body. Moreover, the Pb2+ reduces the total pore volume of the solidified body, while Cr3+ and Cu2+ increase it. The content of the heavy metal compounds should be controlled within a reasonable range. When the content of the heavy metal compounds is relatively small, the total pore volume is small and the solidified body is much compact. Besides, the different chemical forms of chromium have different effect on the stability of the geopolymers. The single addition of chromium oxide or elemental Cr may reduce the total pore volume of the geopolymers, whereas the average pore size increases obviously for the geopolymers with addition of a variety of other heavy metal compounds.
Key words:  inorganic non-metallic materials      geopolymer      heavy metal      compressive strength      reaction product      pore structure     
Received:  12 September 2016     
Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51478328), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai of China (No.17ZR1442000) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.0500219225)
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Articles by authors
Xiaolu GUO
Liang WU
Huisheng SHI

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https://www.cjmr.org/EN/10.11901/1005.3093.2016.533     OR     https://www.cjmr.org/EN/Y2017/V31/I6/437

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Fe2O3 K2O CaO TiO2 Loss
0.45 0.85 22.40 40.70 0.71 2.17 5.34 0.69 9.46 1.16 16.09
Table 1  Chemical composition of fly ash (%, mass fraction)
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl K2O CaO TiO2 PbO
0.87 1.47 0.47 3.77 12.50 7.22 1.26 0.33 6.78 0.28 0.09
Cr2O3 MnO Fe2O3 CoO NiO CuO ZnO SrO SnO2 Loss
18.40 0.19 23.80 0.16 8.53 4.27 4.26 0.02 0.24 5.09
Table 2  Chemical composition of metallurgical sludge (%, mass fraction)
Fig.1  XRD spectra of main raw materials (a) fly ash, (b) metallurgical sludge
Samples Heavy metals Fly ash Heavy metal Alkali activator Water
F - 100.0 - 53.9 1.9
F- Cr(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F- Pb(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F- Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F- Cr(NO3)3-0.5 Cr(NO3)3 100.0 0.5 53.9 1.9
F- Cr(NO3)3-1.0 Cr(NO3)3 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F- Cr(NO3)3-1.5 Cr(NO3)3 100.0 1.5 53.9 1.9
F-Cr(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F-Cr2O3 Cr2O3 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F- CrO3 CrO3 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F-Cr Cr 100.0 1.0 53.9 1.9
F-MS Metallurgical sludge 100.0 1.0* 53.9 1.9
Table 3  Mix proportions of geopolymer contained different types, contents and chemical forms of heavy metals(g)
Fig.2  Compressive strength of geopolymer contained different types of heavy metals
Fig.3  XRD spectra of geopolymers contained different types of heavy metals
Fig.4  Integral and differential curves of pore diameter distribution of geopolymer contained different types of heavy metals (a) F, (b) F-Cr(NO3)3, (c) F-Pb(NO3)2, (d) F-Cu(NO3)2
Fig.5  Compressive strength of geopolymer contained different contents of Cr(NO3)3
Samples Total pore volume
/mLg-1		 Average diameter
/nm		 Pore size distribution / %
<2 nm 2~20 nm 20~50 nm >50 nm
F 0.0511 11.41 0 63.2 23.5 13.3
F-Cr(NO3)3 0.0865 12.19 0 63.2 23.1 13.7
F-Pb(NO3)2 0.0425 12.83 0 62.8 22.9 14.3
F-Cu(NO3)2 0.0611 9.55 0 67.1 21.4 11.5
Table 4  Pore structure parameter of geopolymer contained different types of heavy metals
Fig.6  XRD spectra of geopolymers contained different contents of heavy metals
Samples Total pore volume
/mLg-1		 Average diameter
/nm		 Pore size distribution / %
<2 nm 2~20 nm 20~50 nm >50 nm
F 0.0511 11.41 0 63.2 23.5 13.3
F-Cr(NO3)3-0.5 0.0484 13.23 0 66.5 21.9 11.6
F-Cr(NO3)3-1.0 0.0865 12.19 0 63.2 23.1 13.7
F-Cr(NO3)3-1.5 0.0660 9.59 0 62.1 24.0 13.9
Table 5  Pore structure parameter of geopolymer contained different contents of heavy metals
Fig.7  Integral and differential curves of pore diameter distribution of geopolymer contained different contents of heavy metals (a) F, (b) F-Cr(NO3)3-0.5, (c) F-Cr(NO3)3-1, (d) F-Cr(NO3)3-1.5
Fig.8  Compressive strength of geopolymer contained different chemical forms of heavy metals
Fig.9  XRD spectra of geopolymers contained different chemical forms of heavy metals
Fig.10  Integral and differential curve of pore diameter distribution of geopolymer contained different chemical forms of heavy metals (a) F, (b) F-Cr(NO3)3, (c) F-Cr2O3, (d) F-CrO3, (e) F-Cr, (f) F-MS
Samples Total pore volume
/mLg-1		 Average diameter
/nm		 Pore size distribution / %
<2 nm 2~20 nm 20~50 nm >50 nm
F 0.0511 11.41 0 63.2 23.5 13.3
F-Cr(NO3)3 0.0865 12.19 0 63.2 23.1 13.7
F-Cr2O3 0.0426 18.45 0 65.8 15.4 18.8
F-CrO3 0.0378 17.19 0 63.5 16.3 20.2
F-Cr 0.0315 15.34 0 69.7 14.5 15.8
F-MS 0.0231 29.68 0 47.2 31.2 21.6
Table 6  Pore structure parameter of geopolymer contained different chemical forms of heavy metals
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